क्सेनोफानेस
कवियों के देवता मनुष्यों के आविष्कार हैं; एक ईश्वर है जो हमारे जैसा नहीं, और ऐसी बातों के बारे में मानवीय ज्ञान केवल मत है।
पृष्ठभूमि
घुमक्कड़ कवि-दार्शनिक, जिसने होमर और हेसियोड के मनुष्य-रूपी देवताओं का उपहास किया और एक ऐसे ईश्वर की शिक्षा दी जो नश्वरों जैसा नहीं है।
मुख्य विचार
- मानव-रूपी देवताओं की आलोचना
- एक अचल ईश्वर
- मानवीय ज्ञान केवल मत है
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 1
अनेग्जीमेण्डर
जिनसे प्रभावित विवादित
Xenophanes’ view that earth was once mixed with sea, inferred from fossils, continues Milesian inquiry like Anaximander’s; whether he heard Anaximander is uncertain. Xenophanes, DK 21 A33 (Hippolytus, Refutatio I.14), B29, B33; Anaximander, DK 12 A27; SEP “Xenophanes”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अनेग्जीमेण्डर › लगभग 610–546 ईसा पूर्व
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
पारमेनीडेस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया विवादित ✓
Aristotle reports that Parmenides was said to be Xenophanes’ pupil (Metaphysics I.5, 986b22); a debt to Xenophanes’ unmoving god and his doubts about opinion is disputed. Aristotle, Metaphysics I.5, 986b21–25; Xenophanes, DK 21 B26, B34; Diogenes Laertius IX.21; SEP “Xenophanes”
पारमेनीडेस › लगभग 515–450 ईसा पूर्व
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 1
हेरक्लिटस
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Heraclitus named Xenophanes, with Hesiod, Pythagoras and Hecataeus, among those whose much learning had not taught them understanding (DK 22 B40). Heraclitus, DK 22 B40 (Diogenes Laertius 9.1)
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हेरक्लिटस › लगभग 535–475 ईसा पूर्व
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
पूथागोरास
जिनकी आलोचना की
Xenophanes mocked Pythagoras’ doctrine of transmigration: he stops a man beating a puppy because he recognises a friend’s soul in its yelping (DK 21 B7). Xenophanes, DK 21 B7 (Diogenes Laertius 8.36); SEP “Xenophanes”
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पूथागोरास › परंपरागत रूप से लगभग 570–495 ईसा पूर्व
मत
Xenophanes attacked the gods of Homer and Hesiod, who steal, commit adultery and deceive one another. Humans make gods in their own image: Ethiopians picture them snub-nosed and dark, Thracians blue-eyed and red-haired – and if oxen and horses had hands, they would draw gods like oxen and horses. Against this he set one god, unlike mortals in body or thought, who without moving sets all things in motion by the power of his mind. Yet no one, he held, knows the plain truth here; opinion is our lot, though by searching we find better in time. Later tradition saw him as a forerunner of the Eleatics.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Xenophanes was born around 570 BCE in Colophon, an Ionian city in Asia Minor. Probably after the Persian conquest of Ionia he left home and, by his own account, spent sixty-seven years wandering the Greek world as a poet reciting his own verses, above all in Sicily and southern Italy. He lived into his nineties. Only fragments of his poems survive.
प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Satires (Silloi, fragments, late 6th century BCE)
- Elegies (fragments, late 6th century BCE)
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