सेक्सटस एम्पिरिकस
हर तर्क के लिए उतना ही सशक्त प्रति-तर्क है, इसलिए प्रज्ञापूर्ण प्रतिक्रिया निर्णय स्थगित करना और शांत रहना है।
पृष्ठभूमि
पाइरोवादी संशयवाद को आगे पहुँचाया; उनकी पुनर्खोज ने मान्तेन और देकार्त को आकार दिया।
मुख्य विचार
- संशयवाद के प्रकार (मोड)
- आइसोस्थेनिया (तुल्य-बल)
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 1
पाइरो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Sextus called his scepticism Pyrrhonian because Pyrrho seemed to have devoted himself to it more fully than anyone before (Outlines of Pyrrhonism I.7). Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism I.7; SEP “Sextus Empiricus”; SEP “Pyrrho”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
पाइरो › लगभग 360–270 ईसा पूर्व
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 4
मान्तेन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In the ‘Apology for Raymond Sebond’ Montaigne took up Sextus’ Pyrrhonian modes against human reason, available in Henri Estienne’s Latin translation of 1562 (Essays II.12). M. de Montaigne, Essais II.12; Sextus Empiricus, Pyrrhoniarum hypotyposeon libri III, Latin tr. H. Estienne (1562); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
मान्तेन › 1533–1592
पियर गासेंदी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Gassendi’s early Paradoxical Exercises against the Aristotelians (1624) used the sceptical arguments of Sextus, which he later moderated into a constructive scepticism about appearances. P. Gassendi, Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos (1624); R. H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Savonarola to Bayle (2003); SEP “Pierre Gassendi”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पियर गासेंदी › 1592–1655
रने देकार्त
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Descartes’ doubt in the Meditations (1641) uses the sceptical arguments revived from Sextus; in the Second Replies he says he had seen many ancient sceptical writings. R. Descartes, Meditationes (1641), First Meditation and Second Replies; R. H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Savonarola to Bayle (2003); SEP “Ancient Skepticism”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
पियर बेल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Bayle’s article ‘Pyrrho’ (Dictionary, 1697) renewed the sceptical arguments preserved by Sextus and argued that reason cannot defend Christian doctrine, which rests on faith alone. P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), “Pyrrhon”; R. H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Savonarola to Bayle (2003); SEP “Pierre Bayle”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पियर बेल › 1647–1706
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 2
क्रिसिप्पस
जिनकी आलोचना की
Sextus Empiricus turned Chrysippus’ Stoic logic against itself, contesting the criterion of truth, proof and the indicative sign (Outlines of Pyrrhonism II; Against the Logicians). Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism II.14–192; Adversus mathematicos VII–VIII; SEP “Sextus Empiricus”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
क्रिसिप्पस › लगभग 279–206 ईसा पूर्व
कार्नियाडीज़
जिनकी आलोचना की
Sextus set Pyrrhonism apart from Carneades’ New Academy, whose claim that nothing can be known and trust in the ‘persuasive’ he judged dogmatic. Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism I.220–235
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
कार्नियाडीज़ › लगभग 214–129 ईसा पूर्व
कृतियाँ
- लगभग 200पाइरोवाद की रूपरेखा
हर तर्क के विरुद्ध उतना ही बराबर का तर्क खड़ा किया जाता है।
मत
Sextus presents scepticism not as a doctrine but as an ability: to set opposing appearances and arguments against each other with equal force (isostheneia), so that one suspends judgement (epochē). Tranquillity then follows “as a shadow follows a body”. With the modes of Aenesidemus and Agrippa he shows that every claim to knowledge either rests on unproven assumptions, leads to an infinite regress or argues in a circle. The sceptic still lives by appearances, custom and the arts, but without dogmatic belief. The rediscovery of his works in the sixteenth century set off the sceptical crisis to which Montaigne, Descartes and Hume responded.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Sextus Empiricus was a Greek physician and philosopher who probably lived in the late second century CE; his name suggests that he belonged to the Empiricist school of medicine. Little else is known about his life, not even where he taught. His writings are our most complete source for ancient Pyrrhonian scepticism.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Outlines of Pyrrhonism (c. 200 CE)
- Against the Mathematicians (Adversus Mathematicos, c. 200 CE)
इनमें आता है
- यात्रा ‘संदेह और आत्म’ · 10 में से पड़ाव 1
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