हेनरी डेविड थोरो
सादगी से और प्रकृति के निकट जिएँ, और अन्यायपूर्ण क़ानूनों का पालन करने से इनकार करें, चाहे इसका अर्थ जेल जाना हो।
पृष्ठभूमि
“वॉल्डन” और सविनय अवज्ञा: सादा जीवन और अन्यायपूर्ण क़ानूनों का प्रतिरोध।
मुख्य विचार
- सविनय अवज्ञा
- सादा जीवन
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 1
राल्फ वाल्डो इमर्सन
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Thoreau, Emerson’s protégé, took up his ideals of self-reliance and of nature as spirit (Nature, 1836) and tested them at Walden Pond on Emerson’s land (Walden, 1854). R. W. Emerson, Nature (1836); “Self-Reliance” (1841); H. D. Thoreau, Walden (1854); SEP “Henry David Thoreau”
राल्फ वाल्डो इमर्सन › 1803–1882
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 3
लेव तोलस्तोय
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Tolstoy read Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience (1849) in the 1890s, found in it support for refusing obedience to unjust state demands, and urged a Russian translation. H. D. Thoreau, “Resistance to Civil Government” (1849); L. N. Tolstoy, letters to V. G. Chertkov (1890s)
लेव तोलस्तोय › 1828–1910
महात्मा गांधी
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Gandhi read Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience in South Africa around 1907 and printed extracts in Indian Opinion, while insisting his resistance had begun before. G. Hendrick, “The Influence of Thoreau’s ‘Civil Disobedience’ on Gandhi’s Satyagraha”, New England Quarterly 29 (1956); M. K. Gandhi, letter to P. Kodanda Rao (1935)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
महात्मा गांधी › 1869–1948
मार्टिन लूथर किंग
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
King recalled that Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience, read at Morehouse College, was his first contact with the theory of nonviolent resistance (Stride Toward Freedom, 1958). M. L. King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom (1958), “Pilgrimage to Nonviolence”; H. D. Thoreau, “Resistance to Civil Government” (1849)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
मार्टिन लूथर किंग › 1929–1968
कृतियाँ
ऐसी सरकार के अधीन जो किसी को अन्याय से क़ैद करती है, न्यायी व्यक्ति के लिए सच्चा स्थान भी कारागार है।
- 1854वॉल्डन
तालाब के किनारे एक कुटिया में दो वर्ष: मैं सोच-समझकर जीना चाहता था।
मत
Thoreau tested Transcendentalist ideas in his own life. At Walden Pond he wanted to “live deliberately”, to reduce life to its essentials and to discover how little one truly needs. Walden is both an account of that experiment and a critique of a society in which most people “lead lives of quiet desperation” in pursuit of possessions. In his essay on civil disobedience he argued that conscience stands above the law: when the state commits injustice, such as supporting slavery, the just person must refuse to cooperate, even at the cost of prison. Gandhi and Martin Luther King drew on this essay, and Walden became a classic of environmental thought.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts, studied at Harvard and became a friend and protégé of Emerson. From 1845 to 1847 he lived in a self-built cabin on Walden Pond on Emerson’s land. He spent a night in jail for refusing to pay a tax that would support slavery and the war against Mexico, and he was a committed abolitionist.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849)
- Civil Disobedience (1849)
- Walden (1854)
- A Plea for Captain John Brown (1859)
- Life Without Principle (1863)
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