فيلهلم فونت

الأعمال

• 1874أسس علم النفس الفيزيولوجي (Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie)

  برنامج لعلم نفس تجريبي للوعي يستفيد من الفيزيولوجيا؛ ظهر في 1873–1874، قبل استدعاء فونت إلى لايبزيغ بوقت قصير.

• 1900علم نفس الشعوب (Völkerpsychologie)

  عمل في عشرة مجلدات (1900–1920) عن الحياة الذهنية الجماعية للشعوب كما تظهر في اللغة والأسطورة والعرف؛ صمّمه فونت منهجًا مكملًا للمنهج التجريبي.

الموقف

Wundt is on the map as the founder of experimental psychology. In the Principles of Physiological Psychology (1873–74) he set out a psychology of immediate conscious experience that uses experimental methods and self-observation; consciousness is for him an active process, apperception an act of will (voluntarism), and psychic and physical explanations are irreducible perspectives on one experience. In the ten-volume Völkerpsychologie (1900–20) he studied language, myth and custom as products of communal life with a method complementary to the experimental one. He also wrote on logic, ethics and a System of Philosophy (1889). Husserl studied with him in Leipzig and in the Logical Investigations (1901) charged his logic with an extreme psychologism; Durkheim visited Leipzig during his study year of 1885–86 and criticised the position of Wundt’s Ethics in his survey of 1887, while taking over from the German tradition the project of an empirical science of morals; Mead immersed himself in Wundt’s research during his studies in Germany (1888–91) and took over his account of the gesture. For pragmatism, phenomenology and neo-Kantianism, Wundt’s influence was largely one of opposition.

الحياة والسياق

Wilhelm Wundt was born on 16 August 1832 in Neckarau near Mannheim. He studied medicine in Tübingen and Heidelberg, took his medical doctorate in Heidelberg in 1856 and was assistant to Hermann von Helmholtz from 1858 to 1865. In 1874 he took a chair of inductive philosophy in Zurich and in 1875 a chair of philosophy in Leipzig, where in 1879 his equipment room was recognised as a laboratory, usually counted as the first devoted to psychology. He supervised 186 doctoral dissertations. He died on 31 August 1920 in Großbothen near Leipzig.

أعمال رئيسة أخرى

• Logic (Logik, 1880–83)
• Ethics (Ethik, 1886)
• System of Philosophy (System der Philosophie, 1889)