هربرت بول جرايس
كثيرًا ما نقصد أكثر مما نقول، ويستنتج المستمعون ذلك لأنهم يفترضون أننا نحاول أن نكون متعاونين وصادقين ومناسبين وواضحين.
التموضع
فيلسوف لغة في أكسفورد ثم بيركلي: قد يتجاوز ما يعنيه المتكلم ما تقوله الكلمات – الاستلزام الحواري، يحكمه مبدأ التعاون وقواعده.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- معنى المتكلم قصدًا
- الاستلزام الحواري
- مبدأ التعاون وقواعده
التلاميذ: بي. إف. ستروسون
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 1
جون لانجشو أوستن
تأثّر بـ
Grice, one of Austin’s ‘Saturday mornings’ group, kept its close attention to ordinary usage but distinguished what is said from what is implicated (William James Lectures, 1967). H. P. Grice, “Logic and Conversation” (William James Lectures 1967; publ. 1975); Studies in the Way of Words (1989), “Prolegomena”; SEP “Paul Grice”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون لانجشو أوستن › 1911–1960
أثّر في 2
بي. إف. ستروسون علّم
علّم
Grice was one of Strawson’s two philosophy tutors, with J. D. Mabbott, when Strawson read PPE at St John’s College, Oxford (1937–40); they later wrote ‘In Defense of a Dogma’ (1956) together. SEP “Peter Frederick Strawson”; P. F. Strawson, “Intellectual Autobiography”, in L. E. Hahn (ed.), The Philosophy of P. F. Strawson (1998)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بي. إف. ستروسون › 1919–2006
جون سورل
أثّر في
Searle adopted Grice’s analysis of meaning through the intended recognition of intentions but held that it must include linguistic conventions (Speech Acts, 1969). J. R. Searle, Speech Acts (1969); H. P. Grice, “Meaning”, Philosophical Review 66 (1957); SEP “Paul Grice”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون سورل › 1932–2025
النقد
ينتقد 1
ويلارد فان أورمان كواين
انتقد
With Strawson, Grice defended the analytic–synthetic distinction against Quine: its ordinary use is shared and teachable, so its intelligibility cannot be denied (‘In Defense of a Dogma’, 1956). H. P. Grice & P. F. Strawson, “In Defense of a Dogma”, Philosophical Review 65 (1956), 141–158
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ويلارد فان أورمان كواين › 1908–2000
الأعمال
- 1957المعنى (Meaning)
أن تعني شيئًا بقول ما هو أن تقصد أن يستجيب السامع على نحو معين لأنه يتعرّف هذا القصد.
محاضرات ويليام جيمس عام 1967: تنتج الاستلزامات الحوارية من مبدأ التعاون ومسلّمات الكمّ والكيف والعلاقة والطريقة.
الموقف
Grice gave philosophy of language two ideas that are now standard in linguistics. The first concerns meaning. In “Meaning” (1957) he analysed what a speaker means by an utterance in terms of intentions: to mean something is to intend to produce an effect in a hearer by means of the hearer’s recognising that intention. The second is conversational implicature. If a reference for a philosophy student says only that his English is excellent and he attended regularly, the writer conveys that he is no good at philosophy without saying so. Grice explained such effects by a cooperative principle – make your contribution such as is required by the purpose of the conversation – and four groups of maxims: Quantity, Quality, Relation and Manner. Implicatures can be cancelled, which distinguishes them from what is said. This allowed him to argue, against some ordinary language philosophers and against Strawson’s Introduction to Logical Theory, that words like “and” or “or” may keep their logical meaning while their use carries further suggestions. With Strawson he defended the analytic–synthetic distinction against Quine (“In Defense of a Dogma”, 1956). Searle built on and modified his account of meaning.
الحياة والسياق
Herbert Paul Grice was born in 1913 in Harborne, Birmingham, and educated at Clifton College and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. From 1938 he taught at St John’s College, Oxford, where P. F. Strawson was among his pupils; during the Second World War he served in the Royal Navy. Back in Oxford he belonged to the circle of philosophers who analysed ordinary language. His paper “Meaning”, written in 1948, appeared in 1957 in The Philosophical Review, reportedly after Strawson had submitted it. In 1967 he gave the William James Lectures at Harvard and moved to the University of California at Berkeley, where he taught until his death in 1988. His collected papers, Studies in the Way of Words, appeared in 1989; his John Locke Lectures of 1979 were published as Aspects of Reason in 2001.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- In Defense of a Dogma (with P. F. Strawson, 1956)
- The Causal Theory of Perception (1961)
- Studies in the Way of Words (1989)
- Aspects of Reason (2001)
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