纳西尔丁·图西

Agora

纳西尔丁·图西

1201–1274

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

阿维森纳的哲学经得起批评者的检验，而伦理学涵盖生活的全部——个人品格、家庭和国家。

定位

伊斯兰世界的哲学 · 西亚与北非 · 伦理学, 科学, 形而上学

波斯博学者，马拉盖天文台的天文学家：他为伊本·西那辩护；其《纳西尔伦理学》数世纪来一直是波斯语伦理学的标准著作。

核心思想

为伊本·西那辩护
伦理、家政与政治
图西双轮（天文学）

学生: 库特布丁·设拉子

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影响

受影响于 5

亚里士多德

受其影响
Al-Tusi’s Persian logic, The Foundation of Acquisition (Asas al-iqtibas, 1244), treats the whole Aristotelian Organon, including rhetoric and poetics. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Asas al-iqtibas (1244); Encyclopaedia Iranica “Asas al-eqtebas”
依据: AI 草稿
亚里士多德 › 公元前384—前322年
法拉比

受其影响
The political part of al-Tusi’s Nasirean Ethics (1235) drew on al-Farabi’s virtuous city and his classification of virtuous and ignorant cities. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Akhlaq-i Nasiri (1235), tr. G. M. Wickens, The Nasirean Ethics (1964)
依据: AI 草稿
法拉比 › 约872–950年
米斯卡瓦伊

受其影响
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was asked to translate Miskawayh’s Refinement of Character into Persian and made it the basis of the first, ethical part of his Nasirean Ethics (1235), adding parts on the household and the state. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Akhlāq-i Nāṣirī (1235), preface; tr. G. M. Wickens, The Nasirean Ethics (1964)
依据: AI 草稿
米斯卡瓦伊 › 约932–1030年
海什木

受其影响
Al-Tusi’s non-Ptolemaic planetary models in his Memoir on Astronomy (1261), with the “Tusi couple”, belong to the response of the Maragha astronomers to objections against Ptolemy’s models of the kind Ibn al-Haytham had raised in his Doubts; the connection is one of programme rather than direct commentary. G. Saliba, Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance (2007); F. J. Ragep, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi’s Memoir on Astronomy (1993)
依据: AI 草稿
海什木 › 约965–1040年
伊本·西那（阿维森纳）

受其影响 ✓
Al-Tusi’s commentary on Avicenna’s Pointers and Reminders (completed 1246) defended him against Fakhr al-Din al-Razi’s objections and shaped how later scholars read him. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Hall mushkilat al-Isharat (1246); SEP “Ibn Sina [Avicenna]”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
伊本·西那（阿维森纳） › 980–1037

影响了 5

库特布丁·设拉子教过

教过 ✓
Qutb al-Din studied Ibn Sina’s Remarks and Admonitions and astronomy with Nasir al-Din al-Tusi at the Maragha observatory from about 1262 and became his best-known student; he gave an account of his education himself. F. J. Ragep, “Shīrāzī”, Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (2007); J. Walbridge, The Science of Mystic Lights (1992), ch. 1
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
库特布丁·设拉子 › 1236–1311
谢里夫·朱尔贾尼

影响了
Al-Jurjani wrote a commentary on Nasir al-Din al-Tusi’s Memoir on Astronomy (al-Tadhkira fī ʿilm al-hayʾa); the oldest manuscript dates from 1410, during his lifetime. al-Jurjani, Sharḥ al-Tadhkira; F. J. Ragep, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi’s Memoir on Astronomy (1993)
依据: AI 草稿
谢里夫·朱尔贾尼 › 1340–1413
贾拉勒丁·达瓦尼

影响了
Al-Dawani modelled his Jalalian Ethics on al-Tusi’s Nasirean Ethics, and he developed much of his philosophy in glosses on al-Qushji’s commentary on al-Tusi’s Abstract of Theology. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, “Ahlâk-ı Alâî”; R. Pourjavady, in K. El-Rouayheb and S. Schmidtke (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy (2017), ch. 19; SEP “The Liar Paradox in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy”
依据: AI 草稿
贾拉勒丁·达瓦尼 › 约1426–1502年
尼古拉·哥白尼

影响了存在争议 ✓
Copernicus used the same construction as the Tusi couple in De revolutionibus (1543); whether he knew al-Tusi’s work, perhaps through Byzantine channels, is disputed. N. Copernicus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543); F. J. Ragep, “Copernicus and His Islamic Predecessors”, History of Science 45 (2007); G. Saliba, Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance (2007); SEP “Nicolaus Copernicus”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
尼古拉·哥白尼 › 1473–1543
克纳勒扎德·阿里·切莱比

影响了
Kınalızade’s Ethics of Ali follows the arrangement of al-Tusi’s Nasirean Ethics – ethics, household, state – which he names among his sources. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, “Ahlâk-ı Alâî” (A. Kahraman); Kınalızade, Ahlâk-ı Alâî (1564), preface
依据: AI 草稿
克纳勒扎德·阿里·切莱比 › 1510–1572

批评

批评了 3

舍赫拉斯塔尼

批评了
Al-Tusi answered al-Shahrastani’s attack on Ibn Sina point by point in Wrestler’s Downfall (Maṣāriʿ al-muṣāriʿ), defending Ibn Sina’s metaphysics. Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, Maṣāriʿ al-muṣāriʿ; Madelung and Mayer 2001
依据: AI 草稿
舍赫拉斯塔尼 › 约1086–1153年
法赫尔丁·拉齐

批评了
Al-Tusi defended Avicenna’s Pointers against al-Razi’s objections (Hall mushkilat al-Isharat) and critically reworked al-Razi’s theology in his Talkhis al-Muhassal. Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, Ḥall mushkilāt al-Ishārāt; Talkhīṣ al-Muḥaṣṣal
依据: AI 草稿
法赫尔丁·拉齐 › 约1150–1210年
阿西尔丁·阿卜哈里

批评了
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi answered al-Abhari’s logic book Tanzīl al-afkār in a systematic critique, Adjusting the Standard (Taʿdīl al-miʿyār), defending Ibn Sina’s logic against al-Abhari’s revisions. al-Tusi, Taʿdīl al-miʿyār fī naqd Tanzīl al-afkār, ed. M. Mohaghegh and T. Izutsu, Collected Texts and Papers on Logic and Language (1974); SEP “al-Khūnajī”
依据: AI 草稿
阿西尔丁·阿卜哈里 › 约1194–1265年

作品

约1235年纳绥尔伦理学
以波斯语写成的伦理学、家政与政治——数百年来是波斯语世界的标准伦理学手册。

立场

Al-Tusi was one of the most versatile scholars of the Islamic world. In his commentary on Avicenna’s Remarks and Admonitions he defended Avicenna against the objections of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi and so helped secure his place in later thought. The Nasirean Ethics, written in Persian, combined Miskawayh’s ethics with household management and al-Farabi’s political philosophy, linking individual virtue to the well-ordered community. In theology he laid foundations of Twelver Shiite doctrine. As an astronomer he devised the “Tusi couple”, two circles rolling one inside the other that produce straight-line motion – a construction that later reappears in Copernicus. He also made trigonometry an independent discipline.

生平与背景

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was born in 1201 in Tus in Khorasan and studied there and in Nishapur. For about three decades he served the Ismaili rulers in their mountain fortresses, among them Alamut. When the Mongols took Alamut in 1256 he entered the service of Hülegü, accompanied him to Baghdad in 1258 and persuaded him to build the observatory of Maragha. He died in Baghdad in 1274.