Pierre Bayle
Żadnego dogmatu religijnego ani filozoficznego nie da się udowodnić, więc każdy, także ateista, zasługuje na tolerancję i wolność podążania za swoim sumieniem.
Umiejscowienie
Hugenocki wygnaniec w Rotterdamie: jego „Dictionnaire historique et critique” zwrócił sceptycyzm przeciw każdemu dogmatyzmowi i domagał się tolerancji, także dla ateistów.
Kluczowe idee
- Sceptycyzm
- Prawa błądzącego sumienia
- Problem zła
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 4
Sekstus Empiryk
pod wpływem
Bayle’s article ‘Pyrrho’ (Dictionary, 1697) renewed the sceptical arguments preserved by Sextus and argued that reason cannot defend Christian doctrine, which rests on faith alone. P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), “Pyrrhon”; R. H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Savonarola to Bayle (2003); SEP “Pierre Bayle”
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Sekstus Empiryk › ok. 160–210
Michel de Montaigne
pod wpływem
Bayle drew on Montaigne’s Essays from the Various Thoughts on the Comet (1682) to the Dictionary (1697); C. B. Brush (1966) read his scepticism as variations on Montaigne’s. C. B. Brush, Montaigne and Bayle: Variations on the Theme of Skepticism (1966); S. Giocanti, on Bayle’s use of Montaigne, Libertinage et philosophie à l’époque classique 21 (2024)
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Michel de Montaigne › 1533–1592
Francisco Sanches
pod wpływem
Bayle gave Francisco Sanches an article in his Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697), calling the author of That Nothing Is Known (1581) a ‘great Pyrrhonist’. P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), “Sanchez”; F. Sanches, Quod nihil scitur (1581); SEP “Francisco Sanches”
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Francisco Sanches › 1551–1623
Kartezjusz
pod wpływem
Bayle taught Cartesian philosophy at Sedan and Rotterdam, and in his Dictionary (1697) turned the Cartesian arguments against sensible qualities against the reality of extension itself. P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), “Zénon d’Élée”, “Pyrrhon”; R. H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Savonarola to Bayle (2003); SEP “Pierre Bayle”
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Kartezjusz › 1596–1650
Wpływ na 3
Bernard Mandeville
wpływ na
Mandeville took from Bayle’s Various Thoughts on the Comet (1682) the view that people act from passions, not professed principles, which underlies The Fable of the Bees (1714). P. Bayle, Pensées diverses sur la comète (1682); B. Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees, ed. F. B. Kaye (1924), introduction; SEP “Bernard Mandeville”
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Bernard Mandeville › 1670–1733
Voltaire
wpływ na ✓
Voltaire took up Bayle’s critical method against dogma, and in the Poem on the Lisbon Disaster (1756) invoked Bayle, who ‘teaches doubt’, against philosophical optimism. Voltaire, Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne (1756); SEP “Pierre Bayle”
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Voltaire › 1694–1778
David Hume
wpływ na
In the Treatise (1739) Hume used Bayle’s Dictionary article ‘Spinoza’ to turn the charge of atheism back on the theologians’ doctrine of an immaterial soul. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), “Of the immateriality of the soul”; P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), “Spinoza”; SEP “Pierre Bayle”
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David Hume › 1711–1776
Krytyka
Wzajemna krytyka 1
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ⇄ wzajemnie
krytykuje
In the article ‘Rorarius’ of his Dictionnaire (1697; 2nd ed. 1702) Bayle questioned Leibniz’s pre-established harmony: how could a dog’s soul pass from pleasure to pain unprompted? P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique, art. “Rorarius”, remarks H and L; G. W. Leibniz, Éclaircissement (1698); SEP “Pierre Bayle”
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krytyka ze strony
Leibniz’s Theodicy (1710) answered Bayle’s claim that reason cannot reconcile evil with a good God, arguing that faith and reason agree and this is the best possible world. G. W. Leibniz, Essais de Théodicée (1710), Discours préliminaire, Parts I–III; SEP “Leibniz on the Problem of Evil”
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz › 1646–1716
Krytykuje 1
Baruch Spinoza
krytykuje
Bayle called Spinoza’s single substance ‘the most absurd and monstrous hypothesis’: God would be both the Germans and the Turks killing each other (Dictionnaire, 1697, ‘Spinoza’). P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), art. “Spinoza”, remark N; SEP “Pierre Bayle”
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Baruch Spinoza › 1632–1677
Dzieła
Przypisy jako arsenał sceptycyzmu – o złu, o Spinozie i o granicach rozumu w religii.
Stanowisko
Bayle used erudition as a weapon of doubt. In his Historical and Critical Dictionary the footnotes swell into long arguments showing that reason, pressed far enough, entangles itself in contradictions – above all when it tries to reconcile a good God with the evil in the world. Faith cannot be proved, only held. After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which cost his brother his life, he argued for tolerance: even an erring conscience has rights, and a society of atheists could be morally decent. Leibniz wrote his Theodicy in reply, and the Enlightenment from Voltaire to Hume drew on his arsenal.
Życie i kontekst
Pierre Bayle was born in 1647 in Le Carla in southern France, the son of a Calvinist pastor. Briefly a Catholic convert as a student in Toulouse, he returned to his faith and had to flee. After teaching at the Protestant academy of Sedan he settled in Rotterdam in 1681, where he taught at the Illustrious School, edited the learned journal Nouvelles de la République des Lettres (1684–87) and lost his professorship in 1693 after clashes with fellow Huguenots. He died there in 1706.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Various Thoughts on the Occasion of a Comet (1682)
- Philosophical Commentary on the Words “Compel Them to Come In” (1686)
- Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)
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