足目·乔达摩

Agora

足目·乔达摩

约120–190年

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

归于他名下的文本阐明了我们如何获得知识——通过知觉、推理、类比和证言——以及如何公正地论辩。

定位

南亚与藏传哲学 · 逻辑学, 认识论, 形而上学

《正理经》被归于他名下，该书是印度逻辑学派的奠基之作：四种有效的知识手段、五支论式，以及诚实辩论的规则。

核心思想

四量（pramana）
五支推论
辩论理论

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影响

受影响于 1

迦那陀

受其影响
The Nyaya-sutra presupposes much of the Vaisheshika ontology ascribed to Kanada, such as substances, qualities and atoms; dates and direction of influence are uncertain. B. K. Matilal, Nyaya-Vaisesika (1977); K. H. Potter (ed.), Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies II (1977)
依据: AI 草稿
迦那陀 › 约公元前200—前130年年

影响了 2

乌陀衍那

影响了
Udayana worked within the tradition of the Nyaya-sutra, writing a subcommentary on its commentaries and using its theory of inference for his proofs of God (Nyayakusumanjali). Udayana, Nyayakusumanjali; K. H. Potter (ed.), Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies II (1977)
依据: AI 草稿
乌陀衍那 › 约950–1020年
甘盖沙

影响了
Gangesha’s Jewel of Reflection on Reality (Tattvacintamani) is arranged by the four means of knowledge of the Nyaya-sutra: perception, inference, comparison and testimony. Gangesha, Tattvacintamani; K. H. Potter & S. Bhattacharyya (eds.), Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies VI (1993)
依据: AI 草稿
甘盖沙 › 约1300–1360年

批评

受批评于 2

龙树

受其批评存在争议
Nagarjuna asked what establishes the Nyaya means of knowledge themselves (Vigrahavyavartani 31–51); whether he knew the Nyaya-sutra in its present form is disputed. Nāgārjuna, Vigrahavyāvartanī 31–51, tr. J. Westerhoff, The Dispeller of Disputes, 2010; F. Tola & C. Dragonetti, Nāgārjuna’s Refutation of Logic, 1995
依据: AI 草稿
龙树 › 约150–250年
陈那

受其批评
Dignaga accepted only perception and inference as means of knowledge, against the Nyaya-sutra’s four, and criticised its definition of perception (Pramanasamuccaya I–II). Dignāga, Pramāṇasamuccaya I–II; M. Hattori, Dignāga, On Perception, 1968
依据: AI 草稿
陈那 › 约480–540年

作品

约150年正理经
十六个主题，从有效认识的手段到不诚实辩论的诡计：通过正确的知识获得解脱。

立场

Nyaya (“method” or “logic”) holds that the world exists independently of us and can be known. The sutra lists sixteen topics, beginning with the means of valid knowledge (pramanas): perception, inference, comparison and reliable testimony. Inference is set out in five steps – thesis, reason, example, application, conclusion: the hill has fire, because it has smoke; wherever there is smoke there is fire, as in a kitchen. The text also distinguishes honest discussion from debate aimed at victory and from mere cavilling, and catalogues fallacies and tricks. Liberation follows when right knowledge removes false cognition. Joined to Vaisheshika ontology, Nyaya was developed by Udayana and transformed by Gangesha.

生平与背景

Akshapada Gautama is the name tradition gives the author of the Nyaya Sutra; a legend explains “Akshapada” (“eyes in the feet”) by a thinker so lost in thought he needed eyes in his feet. Nothing reliable is known about him. The sutra grew in layers, probably reaching its present form around the 2nd–3rd century CE; some passages seem to answer Buddhist critics such as Nagarjuna, though this is debated.