Zenon z Kition
Żyj w zgodzie z naturą i rozumem, przyjmuj to, czego nie możesz zmienić, a sama cnota uczyni cię szczęśliwym.
Umiejscowienie
Założył Stoę w Atenach, w „Portyku Malowanym”: życie w zgodzie z rozumną naturą.
Kluczowe idee
- Logos jako rozum świata
- Życie zgodne z naturą
Nauczyciele: Krates z Teb
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 4
Heraklit
pod wpływem
Zeno took up Heraclitus’ cosmic fire and logos for Stoic physics: a designing fire runs through the world and periodically consumes it; Cleanthes wrote on Heraclitus. Diogenes Laertius VII.134–142, VII.174; A. A. Long, ‘Heraclitus and Stoicism’, Philosophia 5–6 (1975–76); SEP “Heraclitus”
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Heraklit › ok. 535–475 p.n.e.
Sokrates
pod wpływem ✓
Zeno is said to have turned to philosophy after reading Xenophon’s Memorabilia II in an Athens bookshop; Stoic ethics took up Socrates’ view that virtue is knowledge. Diogenes Laertius VII.2–3; SEP “Stoicism”
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Sokrates › 470–399 p.n.e.
Diogenes z Synopy
pod wpływem
Through his teacher Crates, Zeno took up Diogenes’ Cynic ethics; his Republic, without temples, courts or coinage, was said to be written ‘on the dog’s tail’. Diogenes Laertius VII.2–4, VII.32–33; SEP “Stoicism”
Źródło: szkic AI
Diogenes z Synopy › ok. 412–323 p.n.e.
Krates z Teb nauczyciel(ka)
nauczyciel(ka) późniejsza tradycja
Known from later tradition (Diogenes Laertius 7.2–4, with the legendary bookshop story); a lost ‘Memoirs of Crates’ listed among Zeno’s works (7.4) and his Cynic-leaning Republic make a real connection plausible. Diogenes Laertius 7.2–4; SEP “Zeno of Citium”
Źródło: szkic AI
Krates z Teb › ok. 365–285 p.n.e.
Wpływ na 4
Chryzyp
wpływ na
Chrysippus defended and systematised the Stoicism founded by Zeno, especially its logic and theory of knowledge; hence the saying ‘without Chrysippus there would be no Stoa’. Diogenes Laertius VII.179–183; IEP “Chrysippus”; SEP “Stoicism”
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Chryzyp › ok. 279–206 p.n.e.
Cyceron
wpływ na
Cicero set out Zeno’s Stoic ethics in De finibus III and, following Antiochus, argued in book IV that Zeno had changed words rather than doctrines (45 BCE). Cicero, De finibus III–IV; Academica I.35–42; SEP “Cicero”
Źródło: szkic AI
Cyceron › 106–43 p.n.e.
Seneka Młodszy
wpływ na
Seneca took up the Stoic ethics founded by Zeno – virtue the only good, life in agreement with nature – but found Zeno’s compressed syllogisms unpersuasive (Letters 82–83). Seneca, Epistulae morales 82–83; SEP “Seneca”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Seneka Młodszy › ok. 4 p.n.e. – 65 n.e.
Martha Nussbaum
wpływ na
Nussbaum traced cosmopolitanism to the Stoics, citing Plutarch’s report of Zeno’s Republic, in which all humans are fellow citizens (‘Kant and Stoic Cosmopolitanism’, 1997). M. C. Nussbaum, “Kant and Stoic Cosmopolitanism”, Journal of Political Philosophy 5 (1997); The Cosmopolitan Tradition (2019); Plutarch, De Alexandri fortuna I
Źródło: szkic AI
Martha Nussbaum › ur. 1947
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 1
Arkezylaos
krytyka ze strony
Arcesilaus denied Zeno’s ‘kataleptic’ impression, since a false impression could always look the same, and concluded that the wise should suspend assent. Cicero, Academica II.77; Sextus Empiricus, Adversus mathematicos VII.150–158; SEP “Arcesilaus”
Źródło: szkic AI
Arkezylaos › ok. 316–241 p.n.e.
Stanowisko
Zeno founded Stoicism, which divided philosophy into logic, physics and ethics. The cosmos, he taught, is a rational whole permeated by a divine logos; to live well is to “live in agreement with nature”, which means living according to reason. Only virtue is truly good and only vice truly bad; health, wealth and reputation are “indifferent”, though some are preferable to others. Passions such as fear and craving arise from false judgements and are to be overcome. His Republic sketched an ideal community of the wise without temples or law courts. Developed by Chrysippus, Stoicism became one of the most widely held philosophies of the Hellenistic and Roman world.
Życie i kontekst
Zeno came from Citium in Cyprus and, according to tradition, turned to philosophy after a shipwreck brought him to Athens. He studied with the Cynic Crates and other teachers, then around 300 BCE began teaching in the Stoa Poikile, the Painted Porch on the agora, which gave the Stoic school its name. His writings survive only in fragments.
Główne dzieła
- Republic (lost, c. 300 BCE)
- On Life According to Nature (lost, c. 300 BCE)
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