Epiktet
Jedne rzeczy zależą od nas, jak nasze sądy i życzenia, a inne nie – skup się tylko na pierwszych, a będziesz wolny.
Umiejscowienie
Były niewolnik: rozróżniaj to, co zależy od ciebie, od tego, co od ciebie nie zależy.
Kluczowe idee
- Dychotomia kontroli
- Wewnętrzna wolność
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 3
Sokrates
pod wpływem
Epictetus held up Socrates as the model of a life guided by reason, urging pupils to live as one who wishes to be a Socrates (Encheiridion 51). Epictetus, Encheiridion 51; Discourses I.9, IV.1; A. A. Long, Epictetus: A Stoic and Socratic Guide to Life (2002)
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Sokrates › 470–399 p.n.e.
Diogenes z Synopy
pod wpływem
Epictetus held up Diogenes as a model of freedom and of the true Cynic, a messenger sent by Zeus, in his discourse on the Cynic calling (Discourses III.22). Arrian, Discourses of Epictetus III.22, IV.1; SEP “Epictetus”
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Diogenes z Synopy › ok. 412–323 p.n.e.
Chryzyp
pod wpływem
Epictetus treated Chrysippus as the authoritative Stoic teacher but insisted that progress lies in living by his doctrine, not in expounding his books (Discourses I.4, I.17). Arrian, Discourses of Epictetus I.4, I.17; SEP “Epictetus”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Chryzyp › ok. 279–206 p.n.e.
Wpływ na 3
Marek Aureliusz
wpływ na
Marcus Aurelius thanked Junius Rusticus for giving him Epictetus’ discourses and took up his distinction between what is and is not up to us (Meditations I.7). Marcus Aurelius, Meditations I.7, IV.41; P. Hadot, La citadelle intérieure (1992); SEP “Marcus Aurelius”
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Marek Aureliusz › 121–180
Blaise Pascal
wpływ na ✓
In the Conversation with M. de Sacy (1655) Pascal praised Epictetus for knowing human duty and greatness, but held that, ignoring human weakness, he led to pride. B. Pascal, Entretien avec M. de Sacy sur Épictète et Montaigne (1655); SEP “Blaise Pascal”
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Blaise Pascal › 1623–1662
Anthony Ashley-Cooper
wpływ na
In his private notebooks, the Askêmata (1698–1704), Shaftesbury trained himself by the Stoic exercises Epictetus describes, citing him constantly. Shaftesbury, Askêmata, ed. B. Rand as Philosophical Regimen (1900); Standard Edition II.6, ed. W. Benda et al. (2011); SEP “Lord Shaftesbury”
Źródło: szkic AI
Anthony Ashley-Cooper › 1671–1713
Dzieła
- ok. 125Encheiridion
Zestawienie jego nauk sporządzone przez ucznia Arriana: jedne rzeczy zależą od nas, inne nie.
Stanowisko
At the heart of Epictetus’ teaching is a single distinction: some things are up to us – our judgements, desires and choices – and others are not, such as our body, property, reputation and the actions of others. People are disturbed not by things but by their judgements about things. Freedom and peace of mind come from attending only to what is in our power and accepting everything else as part of the natural order. His pupil Arrian recorded his lectures in the Discourses and the short Handbook. Marcus Aurelius drew directly on him, and modern cognitive behavioural therapy names him as a forerunner.
Życie i kontekst
Epictetus was born a slave in Hierapolis in Phrygia and lived in Rome as the property of Epaphroditus, a freedman in Nero’s service; there he studied with the Stoic Musonius Rufus. After gaining his freedom he taught in Rome until Domitian expelled the philosophers around 93 CE, then founded a school in Nicopolis in western Greece. He wrote nothing himself.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Discourses (recorded by Arrian, c. 108 CE)
- Handbook (Enchiridion, c. 125 CE)
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