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Sekstus Empiryk

ok. 160–210

Pierwsze przybliżeniecelowe uproszczenie – portret mówi więcej

Na każdy argument istnieje równie mocny kontrargument, więc mądrą odpowiedzią jest zawieszenie sądu i zachowanie spokoju.

Umiejscowienie

Filozofia hellenistyczna, rzymska i późnoantyczna · Epistemologia

Przekazał sceptycyzm pirrończyków; jego ponowne odkrycie ukształtowało Montaigne’a i Kartezjusza.

Kluczowe idee

  • Tropy sceptycyzmu
  • Izostenia

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Wpływ

Pod wpływem 1

  • Pyrron z Elidy

    pod wpływem

    Sextus called his scepticism Pyrrhonian because Pyrrho seemed to have devoted himself to it more fully than anyone before (Outlines of Pyrrhonism I.7). Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism I.7; SEP “Sextus Empiricus”; SEP “Pyrrho”

    Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO

    Pyrron z Elidy › ok. 360–270 p.n.e.

Wpływ na 4

  • Michel de Montaigne

    wpływ na

    In the ‘Apology for Raymond Sebond’ Montaigne took up Sextus’ Pyrrhonian modes against human reason, available in Henri Estienne’s Latin translation of 1562 (Essays II.12). M. de Montaigne, Essais II.12; Sextus Empiricus, Pyrrhoniarum hypotyposeon libri III, Latin tr. H. Estienne (1562); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”

    Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO

    Michel de Montaigne › 1533–1592

  • Pierre Gassendi

    wpływ na

    Gassendi’s early Paradoxical Exercises against the Aristotelians (1624) used the sceptical arguments of Sextus, which he later moderated into a constructive scepticism about appearances. P. Gassendi, Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos (1624); R. H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Savonarola to Bayle (2003); SEP “Pierre Gassendi”

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Pierre Gassendi › 1592–1655

  • Kartezjusz

    wpływ na

    Descartes’ doubt in the Meditations (1641) uses the sceptical arguments revived from Sextus; in the Second Replies he says he had seen many ancient sceptical writings. R. Descartes, Meditationes (1641), First Meditation and Second Replies; R. H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Savonarola to Bayle (2003); SEP “Ancient Skepticism”

    Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO

    Kartezjusz › 1596–1650

  • Pierre Bayle

    wpływ na

    Bayle’s article ‘Pyrrho’ (Dictionary, 1697) renewed the sceptical arguments preserved by Sextus and argued that reason cannot defend Christian doctrine, which rests on faith alone. P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), “Pyrrhon”; R. H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Savonarola to Bayle (2003); SEP “Pierre Bayle”

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Pierre Bayle › 1647–1706

Krytyka

Krytykuje 2

  • Chryzyp

    krytykuje

    Sextus Empiricus turned Chrysippus’ Stoic logic against itself, contesting the criterion of truth, proof and the indicative sign (Outlines of Pyrrhonism II; Against the Logicians). Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism II.14–192; Adversus mathematicos VII–VIII; SEP “Sextus Empiricus”

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Chryzyp › ok. 279–206 p.n.e.

  • Karneades z Cyreny

    krytykuje

    Sextus set Pyrrhonism apart from Carneades’ New Academy, whose claim that nothing can be known and trust in the ‘persuasive’ he judged dogmatic. Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism I.220–235

    Źródło: szkic AI

    Karneades z Cyreny › ok. 214–129 p.n.e.

Dzieła

Stanowisko

Sextus presents scepticism not as a doctrine but as an ability: to set opposing appearances and arguments against each other with equal force (isostheneia), so that one suspends judgement (epochē). Tranquillity then follows “as a shadow follows a body”. With the modes of Aenesidemus and Agrippa he shows that every claim to knowledge either rests on unproven assumptions, leads to an infinite regress or argues in a circle. The sceptic still lives by appearances, custom and the arts, but without dogmatic belief. The rediscovery of his works in the sixteenth century set off the sceptical crisis to which Montaigne, Descartes and Hume responded.

Życie i kontekst

Sextus Empiricus was a Greek physician and philosopher who probably lived in the late second century CE; his name suggests that he belonged to the Empiricist school of medicine. Little else is known about his life, not even where he taught. His writings are our most complete source for ancient Pyrrhonian scepticism.

Dalsze główne dzieła

  • Outlines of Pyrrhonism (c. 200 CE)
  • Against the Mathematicians (Adversus Mathematicos, c. 200 CE)

Pojawia się w

Źródła: Wikipedia · Wikidata

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