Blaise Pascal
Człowiek jest zarazem nędzny i wielki, rozum nie rozstrzygnie najgłębszych pytań, a serce ma swoje własne racje.
Umiejscowienie
Matematyk i myśliciel religijny: serce ma swoje racje, których rozum nie zna.
Kluczowe idee
- Zakład Pascala
- Esprit de finesse
- Nędza i wielkość człowieka
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 4
Epiktet
pod wpływem ✓
In the Conversation with M. de Sacy (1655) Pascal praised Epictetus for knowing human duty and greatness, but held that, ignoring human weakness, he led to pride. B. Pascal, Entretien avec M. de Sacy sur Épictète et Montaigne (1655); SEP “Blaise Pascal”
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Epiktet › ok. 50–135
Augustyn z Hippony
pod wpływem ✓
Pascal’s Pensées (1670) build on Augustine’s doctrine of a human nature fallen through original sin and restored only by grace, which he knew through Jansenius and Port-Royal. B. Pascal, Pensées (1670); Écrits sur la grâce; SEP “Blaise Pascal”
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Augustyn z Hippony › 354–430
Michel de Montaigne
pod wpływem ✓
Pascal drew heavily on Montaigne’s Essays, above all the Apology for Raymond Sebond, for his picture of human misery, custom and diversion in the Pensées (1670). B. Pascal, Pensées (1670); Entretien avec M. de Sacy (1655); SEP “Blaise Pascal”
Michel de Montaigne › 1533–1592
Antoine Arnauld
pod wpływem
When the Sorbonne moved to censure Arnauld in 1656, Pascal took up his cause and the Jansenist doctrine of grace in the Provincial Letters (1656–57). B. Pascal, Les Provinciales (1656–57); SEP “Blaise Pascal”; SEP “Antoine Arnauld”
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Antoine Arnauld › 1612–1694
Wpływ na 4
Alexis de Tocqueville
wpływ na ✓
Tocqueville counted Pascal among three authors he ‘lived with’ daily (1836); Democracy in America (1840) holds up his disinterested passion for truth against democracy’s taste for useful science. A. de Tocqueville, letter to L. de Kergorlay (Nov. 1836); De la démocratie en Amérique II (1840); P. A. Rahe, Soft Despotism, Democracy’s Drift (2009)
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Alexis de Tocqueville › 1805–1859
William James
wpływ na ✓
James discussed Pascal’s wager in ‘The Will to Believe’ (1896) and defended the right to believe where evidence cannot settle a live, forced and momentous option. W. James, “The Will to Believe” (1896); SEP “William James”; SEP “Pascal’s Wager”
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William James › 1842–1910
Miguel de Unamuno
wpływ na ✓
Unamuno read Pascal as a kindred spirit of agonic faith, a belief that lives with doubt (‘Pascalian Faith’, 1923; The Agony of Christianity, 1925). M. de Unamuno, “La foi pascalienne”, Revue de métaphysique et de morale (1923); L’Agonie du christianisme (1925)
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Miguel de Unamuno › 1864–1936
Pierre Bourdieu
wpływ na
In Pascalian Meditations (1997) Bourdieu took Pascal as guide against the scholastic illusion of pure reason, drawing on his view that custom and the body make belief. P. Bourdieu, Méditations pascaliennes (1997); B. Pascal, Pensées (1670); SEP “Blaise Pascal”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Pierre Bourdieu › 1930–2002
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 1
Voltaire
krytyka ze strony
In the 25th of his Philosophical Letters (1734) Voltaire took the side of humanity ‘against that sublime misanthrope’ Pascal, rejecting his picture of human wretchedness and the wager. Voltaire, Lettres philosophiques (1734), Letter XXV, “Sur les Pensées de M. Pascal”
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Voltaire › 1694–1778
Krytykuje 1
Kartezjusz
krytykuje
Pascal could not forgive Descartes for wanting to do without God, needing him only for a flick to set the world in motion (Pensées, fr. 1001 Lafuma). B. Pascal, Pensées, ed. Lafuma, fr. 1001 (Brunschvicg 77); fr. 887 (B 78: “Descartes inutile et incertain”)
Źródło: szkic AI
Kartezjusz › 1596–1650
Dzieła
- 1670Myśli
Fragmenty apologii chrześcijaństwa: zakład, serce, myśląca trzcina.
Stanowisko
Pascal described the human being as a “thinking reed”: fragile and lost between the infinitely large and the infinitely small, yet great because it knows its wretchedness. Reason has limits; besides the geometric mind there is the intuitive “spirit of finesse”, and the heart has its reasons that reason does not know. Since reason cannot prove or disprove God, he proposed his famous wager: betting on God costs little and may win infinite gain. Against the distractions with which we flee ourselves, he urged honest self-examination. His fragments, published as the Pensées, anticipated existentialist themes and remain a classic of religious thought.
Życie i kontekst
Born in Clermont in 1623, Pascal was a mathematical prodigy who built a calculating machine as a young man, carried out experiments on the vacuum and, with Fermat, founded probability theory. After a religious experience in the night of 23 November 1654, which he recorded in his “Memorial”, he joined the circle of the Jansenists at Port-Royal and defended them in the Provincial Letters. Chronically ill, he died in Paris in 1662.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Treatise on the Arithmetical Triangle (1654)
- Provincial Letters (1656–1657)
- Pensées (1670)
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