Ralph Waldo Emerson
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Umiejscowienie
Transcendentalista: poleganie na sobie i „Nadduch” – natura jako zwierciadło ducha.
Kluczowe idee
- Poleganie na sobie
- Nadduch
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 5
Platon
pod wpływem ✓
Emerson made Plato the type of the philosopher in Representative Men (1850): ‘Out of Plato come all things that are still written and debated among men of thought.’ R. W. Emerson, Representative Men (1850), “Plato; or, the Philosopher”; SEP “Ralph Waldo Emerson”
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Platon › 428–348 p.n.e.
Plotyn
pod wpływem
Emerson took the motto of Nature (1836) from Plotinus: nature is ‘but an image or imitation of wisdom, the last thing of the soul’. R. W. Emerson, Nature (1836), motto; SEP “Ralph Waldo Emerson”
Źródło: szkic AI
Plotyn › 204–270
Michel de Montaigne
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Emerson made Montaigne the type of the sceptic in Representative Men (1850), recalling that reading the Essays as a youth felt as if he had written them himself. R. W. Emerson, Representative Men (1850), “Montaigne; or, the Skeptic”; SEP “Ralph Waldo Emerson”
Michel de Montaigne › 1533–1592
Emanuel Swedenborg
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Emerson took up Swedenborg’s doctrine of correspondences between natural facts and spiritual truths in Nature (1836) and portrayed him as the mystic in Representative Men (1850). R. W. Emerson, Nature (1836), “Language”; Representative Men (1850), “Swedenborg; or, the Mystic”
Emanuel Swedenborg › 1688–1772
Immanuel Kant
pod wpływem
In ‘The Transcendentalist’ (1842) Emerson traced his movement’s name to Kant’s use of ‘transcendental’, a Kant he knew largely at second hand, through Coleridge and Carlyle. R. W. Emerson, “The Transcendentalist” (1842); SEP “Ralph Waldo Emerson”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Immanuel Kant › 1724–1804
Wpływ na 4
Henry David Thoreau
wpływ na ✓
Thoreau, Emerson’s protégé, took up his ideals of self-reliance and of nature as spirit (Nature, 1836) and tested them at Walden Pond on Emerson’s land (Walden, 1854). R. W. Emerson, Nature (1836); “Self-Reliance” (1841); H. D. Thoreau, Walden (1854); SEP “Henry David Thoreau”
Henry David Thoreau › 1817–1862
William James
wpływ na ✓
James, whose father was Emerson’s friend, spoke at the Emerson centenary in Concord (1903), praising his faith in the worth of each individual’s experience. W. James, “Address at the Emerson Centenary in Concord” (1903), in Memories and Studies (1911); SEP “William James”
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William James › 1842–1910
Friedrich Nietzsche
wpływ na ✓
Nietzsche read Emerson’s essays from his school years and put a passage from Emerson’s ‘History’ as the motto of the first edition of The Gay Science (1882). F. Nietzsche, Die fröhliche Wissenschaft (1882), motto; R. W. Emerson, Essays: First Series (1841), “History”; SEP “Friedrich Nietzsche”
Friedrich Nietzsche › 1844–1900
José Martí
wpływ na
Martí admired Emerson’s idealism of nature and self-reliance, which he joined with republican ethics, in an essay written at Emerson’s death (‘Emerson’, 1882). J. Martí, “Emerson”, La Opinión Nacional (Caracas, 1882), in Obras completas XIII
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José Martí › 1853–1895
Dzieła
- 1836Nature (Natura)
Manifest transcendentalizmu: staję się przezroczystym okiem.
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Stanowisko
Emerson called on Americans to free themselves from the authority of European tradition, church doctrine and conformity and to trust their own intuition. In each individual soul speaks the divine “Over-Soul”, which connects all beings; nature, rightly seen, is a language of spirit. Hence his call to self-reliance: whoever follows their own inner voice touches what is universal. “Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string.” His essays, drawing on Romanticism, German idealism and Indian thought, gave the young American culture a philosophy of its own and shaped Thoreau, Whitman, Nietzsche and later the pragmatists.
Życie i kontekst
Emerson came from a long line of New England ministers, studied at Harvard and served as a Unitarian pastor until he resigned in 1832. After meeting Coleridge, Wordsworth and Carlyle in Europe, he settled in Concord, Massachusetts. As essayist and celebrated lecturer he became the central figure of American Transcendentalism and a mentor to Thoreau.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- The American Scholar (1837)
- Essays: First Series, incl. “Self-Reliance” (1841)
- Representative Men (1850)
- The Conduct of Life (1860)
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