Stuart Hall
Kultura i media są polami walki o władzę: odbiorcy mogą czytać przekazy wbrew ich intencji, a tożsamości są zawsze tworzone, nigdy po prostu odziedziczone.
Umiejscowienie
Współtwórca brytyjskich studiów kulturowych: przekazy medialne są kodowane i dekodowane, a tożsamości kulturowe nie są stałymi źródłami, lecz pozycjami, tworzonymi w historii i władzy.
Kluczowe idee
- Kodowanie/dekodowanie
- Hegemonia i „thatcheryzm”
- Tożsamość jako pozycjonowanie
- Diaspora i nowe etniczności
Uczniowie: Paul Gilroy
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 7
Karol Marks
pod wpływem ✓
In a close reading of Marx’s 1857 Introduction (1974) Hall derived a non-reductive method of articulation; later he sought a ‘Marxism without guarantees’ (‘The Problem of Ideology’, 1983). S. Hall, “Marx’s Notes on Method: A ‘Reading’ of the ‘1857 Introduction’”, Working Papers in Cultural Studies 6 (1974); “The Problem of Ideology: Marxism without Guarantees” (1983)
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Karol Marks › 1818–1883
Antonio Gramsci
pod wpływem
Hall used Gramsci’s hegemony to read Thatcherism, an ‘authoritarian populism’, as a struggle for consent, and stressed his relevance to race and ethnicity (1986, 1988). S. Hall, “Gramsci’s Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity”, Journal of Communication Inquiry 10 (1986); The Hard Road to Renewal (1988); SEP “Antonio Gramsci”
Źródło: szkic AI
Antonio Gramsci › 1891–1937
Roland Barthes
pod wpływem
Hall used Barthes’s denotation and connotation, and his analysis of myth, to show how television encodes preferred meanings (‘Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse’, 1973). S. Hall, “Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse”, CCCS Stencilled Occasional Paper 7 (1973); R. Barthes, Mythologies (1957); Éléments de sémiologie (1964)
Źródło: szkic AI
Roland Barthes › 1915–1980
Raymond Williams
pod wpływem
Hall counted Williams’s Culture and Society (1958) and The Long Revolution (1961) among the founding texts of the ‘culturalist’ paradigm of cultural studies (‘Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms’, 1980). S. Hall, “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms”, Media, Culture and Society 2 (1980); R. Williams, Culture and Society (1958); The Long Revolution (1961)
Źródło: szkic AI
Raymond Williams › 1921–1988
Frantz Fanon
pod wpływem
Hall reread Black Skin, White Masks (1952) for Fanon’s account of racism lived through the gaze and the body (‘The After-life of Frantz Fanon’, 1996). S. Hall, “The After-life of Frantz Fanon: Why Fanon? Why Now? Why Black Skin, White Masks?”, in A. Read (ed.), The Fact of Blackness (1996); SEP “Frantz Fanon”
Źródło: szkic AI
Frantz Fanon › 1925–1961
Michel Foucault
pod wpływem
Hall adopted Foucault’s concept of discourse to study representation as the production of knowledge and power, not the mere reflection of meaning (‘The Work of Representation’, 1997). S. Hall (ed.), Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (1997), “The Work of Representation”; SEP “Michel Foucault”
Źródło: szkic AI
Michel Foucault › 1926–1984
Nicos Poulantzas
pod wpływem
Hall read Poulantzas’s State, Power, Socialism as moving beyond the structuralism of his early work, towards the state as a condensation of class forces (1980). S. Hall, “Nicos Poulantzas: State, Power, Socialism”, New Left Review 119 (1980); N. Poulantzas, L’État, le pouvoir, le socialisme (1978)
Źródło: szkic AI
Nicos Poulantzas › 1936–1979
Wpływ na 1
Paul Gilroy uczeń/uczennica
uczeń/uczennica
Gilroy wrote his doctoral thesis (1986) at the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, which Hall had directed until 1979; the Holberg Prize biography names Hall and Richard Johnson as his supervisors. Holberg Prize, laureate biography of P. Gilroy (2019)
Źródło: szkic AI
Paul Gilroy › ur. 1956
Krytyka
Krytykuje 1
Louis Althusser pod wpływem
pod wpływem
Hall took from Althusser the relative autonomy of ideology and overdetermination, and counted structuralism, beside culturalism, as one of the two paradigms of cultural studies (1980). S. Hall, “Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms”, Media, Culture and Society 2 (1980); L. Althusser, Pour Marx (1965); SEP “Louis Althusser”
Źródło: szkic AI
krytykuje
Hall valued Althusser’s theory of ideology but objected that it explains reproduction too functionally, leaving no room for contradiction and struggle (‘Signification, Representation, Ideology’, 1985). S. Hall, “Signification, Representation, Ideology: Althusser and the Post-Structuralist Debates”, Critical Studies in Mass Communication 2 (1985), 91–114
Źródło: szkic AI
Louis Althusser › 1918–1990
Dzieła
Przekazy medialne są kodowane z preferowanym znaczeniem, ale odbiorcy mogą je dekodować w sposób dominujący, negocjowany lub opozycyjny.
Stanowisko
Hall helped turn the study of culture – television, youth subcultures, popular music, the press – into a serious field of social analysis. Against the idea that audiences simply absorb what the media transmit, his “Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse” (1973) argued that messages are encoded within dominant codes but may be decoded in a dominant, a negotiated or an oppositional way. Drawing on Gramsci, he analysed hegemony as a never-finished struggle for consent. Policing the Crisis (1978, with colleagues) showed how a moral panic about “mugging” in the early 1970s linked race and crime and prepared the ground for authoritarian politics; in January 1979, months before Margaret Thatcher’s election, he coined the term “Thatcherism” for this new “authoritarian populism”. In his later work on race, ethnicity and diaspora Hall argued that cultural identities are not an essence rooted in a fixed past but “positionings” produced within history, language and power; Black British and Caribbean identities are made through movement and mixture. His non-reductive Marxism, open to Althusser, Foucault and Fanon but critical of every determinism, shaped cultural studies worldwide.
Życie i kontekst
Stuart Hall was born in 1932 in Kingston, Jamaica, into a colour-conscious middle-class family. In 1951 he went to Merton College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar to study English, and never returned to live in Jamaica. He was a central figure of the British New Left and in 1960 became the founding editor of New Left Review. In 1964 Richard Hoggart brought him to the new Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham, which he led from 1968 – at first as acting director – until 1979. He was then professor of sociology at the Open University until 1997, reaching a wide audience through its broadcast teaching. He died in London in 2014.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- “Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse” (1973)
- Resistance Through Rituals (co-ed., 1975)
- Policing the Crisis (with others, 1978)
- “The Great Moving Right Show” (1979)
- “Cultural Identity and Diaspora” (1990)
- Familiar Stranger (with Bill Schwarz, posthumous, 2017)
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