क्रिसिप्पस
सब कुछ नियति से घटता है, कारणों की एक अटूट शृंखला के द्वारा – फिर भी अनिवार्यता से नहीं, और हमारी सहमति फिर भी हमारी अपनी है, इसलिए हम उत्तरदायी हैं। उन्होंने स्तोइक वाक्य-तर्कशास्त्र को उसका शास्त्रीय, व्यवस्थित रूप भी दिया।
पृष्ठभूमि
स्टोआ का दूसरा संस्थापक; उन्होंने स्टोइक तर्कशास्त्र को एक आरंभिक वाक्य-तर्कशास्त्र के रूप में व्यवस्थित किया।
मुख्य विचार
- वाक्य-तर्कशास्त्र
- नियतिवाद और उत्तरदायित्व
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 1
कीटियम का ज़ेनो
जिनसे प्रभावित
Chrysippus defended and systematised the Stoicism founded by Zeno, especially its logic and theory of knowledge; hence the saying ‘without Chrysippus there would be no Stoa’. Diogenes Laertius VII.179–183; IEP “Chrysippus”; SEP “Stoicism”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
कीटियम का ज़ेनो › लगभग 334–262 ईसा पूर्व
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 4
सिसरो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Cicero set out and examined Chrysippus’ attempt to reconcile fate with human assent, including the analogy of the rolling cylinder, in De fato (44 BCE). Cicero, De fato 39–45; IEP “Chrysippus”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सिसरो › 106–43 ईसा पूर्व
अलेक्ज़ेंड्रिया का फ़ाइलो
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Philo used Stoic doctrines as systematised by Chrysippus, such as the grades of pneuma as cohesion, nature and soul, in his allegorical reading of Scripture. Philo, Quod Deus sit immutabilis; Legum allegoriae II; IEP “Philo of Alexandria”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अलेक्ज़ेंड्रिया का फ़ाइलो › लगभग 20 ईसा पूर्व – 50 ईसवी
सेनेका
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Seneca followed Chrysippus in treating anger as assent to a judgement and distinguished involuntary ‘first movements’ that precede assent (De ira II.1–4). Seneca, De ira II.1–4; De beneficiis I.3–4 (on Chrysippus’ Graces); R. Sorabji, Emotion and Peace of Mind (2000); SEP “Seneca”
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सेनेका › लगभग 4 ईसा पूर्व – 65 ईसवी
एपिक्टेटस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Epictetus treated Chrysippus as the authoritative Stoic teacher but insisted that progress lies in living by his doctrine, not in expounding his books (Discourses I.4, I.17). Arrian, Discourses of Epictetus I.4, I.17; SEP “Epictetus”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
एपिक्टेटस › लगभग 50–135
आलोचना
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित 2
कार्नियाडीज़
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Carneades attacked Chrysippus’ ‘kataleptic’ impression, arguing that any true impression could have an indistinguishable false twin; he said that he himself would be nothing without Chrysippus. Cicero, Academica II.40–42, 83–90; Diogenes Laertius 4.62; SEP “Carneades”
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कार्नियाडीज़ › लगभग 214–129 ईसा पूर्व
सेक्सटस एम्पिरिकस
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Sextus Empiricus turned Chrysippus’ Stoic logic against itself, contesting the criterion of truth, proof and the indicative sign (Outlines of Pyrrhonism II; Against the Logicians). Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism II.14–192; Adversus mathematicos VII–VIII; SEP “Sextus Empiricus”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
सेक्सटस एम्पिरिकस › लगभग 160–210
मत
Chrysippus gave Stoicism its systematic form and defended it against the sceptics of the Academy. In logic he developed a propositional logic of conditionals and inference schemes that was rediscovered and properly appreciated only in the twentieth century. In physics he defended a strict determinism of fate, yet argued that our assent remains our own: a cylinder rolls because it is pushed, but how it rolls depends on its own shape. In ethics he analysed the passions as mistaken judgements. Most later Stoicism, including that of the Roman Stoics, builds on his doctrines.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Chrysippus came from Soli in Cilicia, studied in Athens under Cleanthes and succeeded him as head of the Stoic school around 230 BCE. He was enormously productive – ancient sources credit him with more than seven hundred books – but nearly all of them are lost. A saying went: “Without Chrysippus, there would be no Stoa.”
प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Logical Investigations (fragments, c. 230 BCE)
- On the Passions (lost, c. 230 BCE)
इनमें आता है
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