سيكستوس إمبيريكوس
لكل حجة حجة مضادة تعادلها قوة، فالاستجابة الحكيمة أن نعلّق الحكم ونبقى هادئين.
التموضع
نقل الشكّ البيروني؛ وكان لاكتشافه من جديد أثر في مونتين وديكارت.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- أوجه الشكّ
- تكافؤ الأدلة (الإيسوستينيا)
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 1
بيرو
تأثّر بـ
Sextus called his scepticism Pyrrhonian because Pyrrho seemed to have devoted himself to it more fully than anyone before (Outlines of Pyrrhonism I.7). Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism I.7; SEP “Sextus Empiricus”; SEP “Pyrrho”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
بيرو › نحو 360–270 ق.م
أثّر في 4
ميشيل دي مونتين
أثّر في
In the ‘Apology for Raymond Sebond’ Montaigne took up Sextus’ Pyrrhonian modes against human reason, available in Henri Estienne’s Latin translation of 1562 (Essays II.12). M. de Montaigne, Essais II.12; Sextus Empiricus, Pyrrhoniarum hypotyposeon libri III, Latin tr. H. Estienne (1562); SEP “Michel de Montaigne”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
ميشيل دي مونتين › 1533–1592
بيير جاسندي
أثّر في
Gassendi’s early Paradoxical Exercises against the Aristotelians (1624) used the sceptical arguments of Sextus, which he later moderated into a constructive scepticism about appearances. P. Gassendi, Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos (1624); R. H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Savonarola to Bayle (2003); SEP “Pierre Gassendi”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بيير جاسندي › 1592–1655
رينيه ديكارت
أثّر في
Descartes’ doubt in the Meditations (1641) uses the sceptical arguments revived from Sextus; in the Second Replies he says he had seen many ancient sceptical writings. R. Descartes, Meditationes (1641), First Meditation and Second Replies; R. H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Savonarola to Bayle (2003); SEP “Ancient Skepticism”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
رينيه ديكارت › 1596–1650
بيير بايل
أثّر في
Bayle’s article ‘Pyrrho’ (Dictionary, 1697) renewed the sceptical arguments preserved by Sextus and argued that reason cannot defend Christian doctrine, which rests on faith alone. P. Bayle, Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697), “Pyrrhon”; R. H. Popkin, The History of Scepticism from Savonarola to Bayle (2003); SEP “Pierre Bayle”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بيير بايل › 1647–1706
النقد
ينتقد 2
خريسيبوس
انتقد
Sextus Empiricus turned Chrysippus’ Stoic logic against itself, contesting the criterion of truth, proof and the indicative sign (Outlines of Pyrrhonism II; Against the Logicians). Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism II.14–192; Adversus mathematicos VII–VIII; SEP “Sextus Empiricus”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
خريسيبوس › نحو 279–206 ق.م
كارنياديس
انتقد
Sextus set Pyrrhonism apart from Carneades’ New Academy, whose claim that nothing can be known and trust in the ‘persuasive’ he judged dogmatic. Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism I.220–235
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كارنياديس › نحو 214–129 ق.م
الأعمال
لكل حجة حجة مكافئة تعارضها.
الموقف
Sextus presents scepticism not as a doctrine but as an ability: to set opposing appearances and arguments against each other with equal force (isostheneia), so that one suspends judgement (epochē). Tranquillity then follows “as a shadow follows a body”. With the modes of Aenesidemus and Agrippa he shows that every claim to knowledge either rests on unproven assumptions, leads to an infinite regress or argues in a circle. The sceptic still lives by appearances, custom and the arts, but without dogmatic belief. The rediscovery of his works in the sixteenth century set off the sceptical crisis to which Montaigne, Descartes and Hume responded.
الحياة والسياق
Sextus Empiricus was a Greek physician and philosopher who probably lived in the late second century CE; his name suggests that he belonged to the Empiricist school of medicine. Little else is known about his life, not even where he taught. His writings are our most complete source for ancient Pyrrhonian scepticism.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Outlines of Pyrrhonism (c. 200 CE)
- Against the Mathematicians (Adversus Mathematicos, c. 200 CE)
يرد في
- رحلة «الشكّ والذات» · المحطة 1 من 10
بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora