فيثاغورس
التعليم المنسوب إليه يقول إن الأعداد ونسبها تنظّم العالم كله – وإن النفس تُبعث في أجساد جديدة.
التموضع
لا نعرفه إلا من روايات متأخرة كثيرًا ما تشوبها الأسطورة: أسّس جماعة دينية فلسفية في كروتون، وإليه وإلى أتباعه تُنسب فكرتا أن العالم تنظّمه نِسَب عددية وأن النفوس تتناسخ.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- كل شيء عدد
- تناسخ النفوس
- انسجام الأفلاك
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 2
طاليس
تأثّر بـ مختلف عليها ✓
Iamblichus’ Life of Pythagoras says the aged Thales received the young Pythagoras and urged him to study in Egypt; the report is legendary and traces no doctrine. Iamblichus, On the Pythagorean Life; SEP “Pythagoras”
طاليس › نحو 624–546 ق.م
أناكسيماندر
تأثّر بـ مختلف عليها ✓
Late ancient lives of Pythagoras (Porphyry, Iamblichus) name Anaximander among his teachers; the report is uncertain, and no particular doctrine can be traced from one to the other. Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras; Iamblichus, On the Pythagorean Life; SEP “Pythagoras”
أناكسيماندر › نحو 610–546 ق.م
أثّر في 6
برمانيدس
أثّر في مختلف عليها
Diogenes Laertius reports that the Pythagorean Ameinias, rather than Xenophanes, turned Parmenides to a life of quiet; any Pythagorean influence on his doctrine is disputed. Diogenes Laertius IX.21 (Sotion); SEP “Parmenides”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
برمانيدس › نحو 515–450 ق.م
إيمبيدوكليس
أثّر في ✓
Empedocles took up Pythagorean transmigration and the ban on killing animals (DK 31 B117, B137); the sage praised in B129 is often taken to be Pythagoras. Empedocles, DK 31 B117, B129, B137; Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras (quoting B129); SEP “Empedocles”
إيمبيدوكليس › نحو 494–434 ق.م
أفلاطون
أثّر في ✓
According to Aristotle, Plato followed the Pythagoreans in most things, recasting their imitation of numbers as participation in Forms; the Timaeus builds the cosmos from mathematical proportions. Aristotle, Metaphysics I.6, 987a29–b14; Plato, Timaeus 31b–36d; SEP “Pythagoreanism”
أفلاطون › 428–348 ق.م
فيلون السكندري
أثّر في
Philo used Pythagorean number lore, praising the hebdomad at length in his account of creation, and Clement of Alexandria called him ‘the Pythagorean’. Philo, De opificio mundi 89–128; Clement of Alexandria, Stromata I–II; D. T. Runia, ‘Why does Clement of Alexandria call Philo “the Pythagorean”?’, Vigiliae Christianae 49 (1995)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فيلون السكندري › نحو 20 ق.م – 50 م
نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس
أثّر في
In the dedication of De revolutionibus (1543) Copernicus cited Pythagorean precedents for a moving earth and the Pythagoreans’ practice of passing on doctrine only to friends. N. Copernicus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543), dedication to Paul III; SEP “Nicolaus Copernicus”; SEP “Pythagoreanism”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
نيكولاس كوبرنيكوس › 1473–1543
خوسيه فاسكونسيلوس
أثّر في
Vasconcelos took Pythagoras’ doctrine of number and harmony as the model for a theory of rhythm uniting the cosmos, art and soul (Pitágoras: una teoría del ritmo, 1916). J. Vasconcelos, Pitágoras: Una teoría del ritmo (1916); El monismo estético (1918)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
خوسيه فاسكونسيلوس › 1882–1959
النقد
انتقده 2
زينوفان
انتقده
Xenophanes mocked Pythagoras’ doctrine of transmigration: he stops a man beating a puppy because he recognises a friend’s soul in its yelping (DK 21 B7). Xenophanes, DK 21 B7 (Diogenes Laertius 8.36); SEP “Xenophanes”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
زينوفان › نحو 570–478 ق.م
هرقليطس
انتقده
Heraclitus held that Pythagoras’ ‘much learning’ does not teach understanding, and called his wisdom ‘artful knavery’ (DK 22 B40, B129). Heraclitus, DK 22 B40, B129; SEP “Heraclitus”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هرقليطس › نحو 535–475 ق.م
الموقف
For Pythagoras and his followers, the order of the cosmos could be expressed in number. The discovery that the musical consonances – octave, fifth and fourth – correspond to simple ratios of string lengths suggested that harmony and proportion underlie all things; later this was pictured as the “harmony of the spheres”. At the same time Pythagoras taught the immortality of the soul and its transmigration through different bodies, so that philosophy became a way of purifying the soul. This union of mathematics, cosmology and a disciplined way of life deeply influenced Plato and, through him, the whole tradition that sees mathematical structure as the key to reality.
الحياة والسياق
Born on the island of Samos, Pythagoras emigrated around 530 BCE to Croton in southern Italy, where he founded a community bound by shared rules of life, diet and silence. The brotherhood gained political influence and was later violently opposed. He wrote nothing, and much that was attributed to him stems from later Pythagoreans and from legend.
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