Pitagoras
Przypisywana mu nauka głosi, że liczby i ich stosunki porządkują cały świat – i że dusza rodzi się na nowo w nowych ciałach.
Umiejscowienie
Znamy go tylko z późniejszych, często legendarnych przekazów: założył wspólnotę religijno-filozoficzną w Krotonie; jemu i jego zwolennikom przypisuje się myśl, że świat jest uporządkowany według stosunków liczbowych i że dusze wędrują.
Kluczowe idee
- Wszystko jest liczbą
- Wędrówka dusz
- Harmonia sfer
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 2
Tales z Miletu
pod wpływem sporne ✓
Iamblichus’ Life of Pythagoras says the aged Thales received the young Pythagoras and urged him to study in Egypt; the report is legendary and traces no doctrine. Iamblichus, On the Pythagorean Life; SEP “Pythagoras”
Tales z Miletu › ok. 624–546 p.n.e.
Anaksymander
pod wpływem sporne ✓
Late ancient lives of Pythagoras (Porphyry, Iamblichus) name Anaximander among his teachers; the report is uncertain, and no particular doctrine can be traced from one to the other. Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras; Iamblichus, On the Pythagorean Life; SEP “Pythagoras”
Anaksymander › ok. 610–546 p.n.e.
Wpływ na 6
Parmenides
wpływ na sporne
Diogenes Laertius reports that the Pythagorean Ameinias, rather than Xenophanes, turned Parmenides to a life of quiet; any Pythagorean influence on his doctrine is disputed. Diogenes Laertius IX.21 (Sotion); SEP “Parmenides”
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Parmenides › ok. 515–450 p.n.e.
Empedokles
wpływ na ✓
Empedocles took up Pythagorean transmigration and the ban on killing animals (DK 31 B117, B137); the sage praised in B129 is often taken to be Pythagoras. Empedocles, DK 31 B117, B129, B137; Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras (quoting B129); SEP “Empedocles”
Empedokles › ok. 494–434 p.n.e.
Platon
wpływ na ✓
According to Aristotle, Plato followed the Pythagoreans in most things, recasting their imitation of numbers as participation in Forms; the Timaeus builds the cosmos from mathematical proportions. Aristotle, Metaphysics I.6, 987a29–b14; Plato, Timaeus 31b–36d; SEP “Pythagoreanism”
Platon › 428–348 p.n.e.
Filon z Aleksandrii
wpływ na
Philo used Pythagorean number lore, praising the hebdomad at length in his account of creation, and Clement of Alexandria called him ‘the Pythagorean’. Philo, De opificio mundi 89–128; Clement of Alexandria, Stromata I–II; D. T. Runia, ‘Why does Clement of Alexandria call Philo “the Pythagorean”?’, Vigiliae Christianae 49 (1995)
Źródło: szkic AI
Filon z Aleksandrii › ok. 20 p.n.e. – 50 n.e.
Mikołaj Kopernik
wpływ na
In the dedication of De revolutionibus (1543) Copernicus cited Pythagorean precedents for a moving earth and the Pythagoreans’ practice of passing on doctrine only to friends. N. Copernicus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543), dedication to Paul III; SEP “Nicolaus Copernicus”; SEP “Pythagoreanism”
Źródło: szkic AI
Mikołaj Kopernik › 1473–1543
José Vasconcelos
wpływ na
Vasconcelos took Pythagoras’ doctrine of number and harmony as the model for a theory of rhythm uniting the cosmos, art and soul (Pitágoras: una teoría del ritmo, 1916). J. Vasconcelos, Pitágoras: Una teoría del ritmo (1916); El monismo estético (1918)
Źródło: szkic AI
José Vasconcelos › 1882–1959
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 2
Ksenofanes
krytyka ze strony
Xenophanes mocked Pythagoras’ doctrine of transmigration: he stops a man beating a puppy because he recognises a friend’s soul in its yelping (DK 21 B7). Xenophanes, DK 21 B7 (Diogenes Laertius 8.36); SEP “Xenophanes”
Źródło: szkic AI
Ksenofanes › ok. 570–478 p.n.e.
Heraklit
krytyka ze strony
Heraclitus held that Pythagoras’ ‘much learning’ does not teach understanding, and called his wisdom ‘artful knavery’ (DK 22 B40, B129). Heraclitus, DK 22 B40, B129; SEP “Heraclitus”
Źródło: szkic AI
Heraklit › ok. 535–475 p.n.e.
Stanowisko
For Pythagoras and his followers, the order of the cosmos could be expressed in number. The discovery that the musical consonances – octave, fifth and fourth – correspond to simple ratios of string lengths suggested that harmony and proportion underlie all things; later this was pictured as the “harmony of the spheres”. At the same time Pythagoras taught the immortality of the soul and its transmigration through different bodies, so that philosophy became a way of purifying the soul. This union of mathematics, cosmology and a disciplined way of life deeply influenced Plato and, through him, the whole tradition that sees mathematical structure as the key to reality.
Życie i kontekst
Born on the island of Samos, Pythagoras emigrated around 530 BCE to Croton in southern Italy, where he founded a community bound by shared rules of life, diet and silence. The brotherhood gained political influence and was later violently opposed. He wrote nothing, and much that was attributed to him stems from later Pythagoreans and from legend.
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