अनेग्जीमेण्डर
सबका स्रोत जल जैसा कोई परिचित पदार्थ नहीं बल्कि कुछ असीम और अनिर्धारित है, जिससे सब वस्तुएँ उठती हैं और जिसमें लौट जाती हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
प्राचीन डॉक्सोग्राफ़रों ने उन्हें थेल्स का शिष्य कहा है; उन्होंने अपेइरोन (असीम) को सब वस्तुओं का मूल बताया।
मुख्य विचार
- अपेइरोन
- ब्रह्मांडीय न्याय
गुरु: थेल्स
शिष्य: अनाक्सिमेनेस
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 1
थेल्स जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा विवादित बाद की परंपरा ✓
Known only from later tradition – Theophrastus’ ‘successor and pupil of Thales’, preserved by Simplicius (In Physica 24.13), and the Ionian succession in Diogenes Laertius 1.13; the succession may be a later construction. Simplicius, In Physica 24.13 Diels (DK 12 A9, after Theophrastus); Diogenes Laertius 1.13
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थेल्स › लगभग 624–546 ईसा पूर्व
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 3
अनाक्सिमेनेस जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया बाद की परंपरा ✓
Known only from later tradition (Diogenes Laertius 2.3; Theophrastus, as preserved by Simplicius, In Physica 24.26, calls him only a ‘companion’); the succession may be a later construction. Diogenes Laertius 2.3; Simplicius, In Physica 24.26 Diels (DK 13 A5, after Theophrastus)
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अनाक्सिमेनेस › लगभग 586–526 ईसा पूर्व
पूथागोरास
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया विवादित ✓
Late ancient lives of Pythagoras (Porphyry, Iamblichus) name Anaximander among his teachers; the report is uncertain, and no particular doctrine can be traced from one to the other. Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras; Iamblichus, On the Pythagorean Life; SEP “Pythagoras”
पूथागोरास › परंपरागत रूप से लगभग 570–495 ईसा पूर्व
क्सेनोफानेस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया विवादित
Xenophanes’ view that earth was once mixed with sea, inferred from fossils, continues Milesian inquiry like Anaximander’s; whether he heard Anaximander is uncertain. Xenophanes, DK 21 A33 (Hippolytus, Refutatio I.14), B29, B33; Anaximander, DK 12 A27; SEP “Xenophanes”
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क्सेनोफानेस › लगभग 570–478 ईसा पूर्व
मत
Anaximander asked why any one element, such as water, should be the source of everything when the elements oppose one another. His answer was the apeiron – the boundless or indefinite – an inexhaustible, ageless source from which opposites like hot and cold separate out and to which they return. In his only surviving fragment, things “pay penalty and retribution to each other for their injustice according to the ordering of time”: nature is governed by a kind of cosmic justice. He also pictured the earth resting unsupported at the centre of the cosmos and speculated that humans descended from fish-like creatures. His abstract principle marked a decisive step beyond observable stuffs.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Anaximander, a younger fellow citizen and probably a pupil of Thales, worked in Miletus in the sixth century BCE. He is credited with the first Greek prose treatise on nature, with drawing an early map of the inhabited world and with introducing the gnomon, the pointer of the sundial, to Greece. Only a single fragment of his book survives.
प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- On Nature (c. 550 BCE, one fragment)
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