निकलास लूमन
समाज लोगों से नहीं, संप्रेषण से बना है, और आधुनिक समाज अलग-अलग प्रणालियों – जैसे विधि, अर्थव्यवस्था और विज्ञान – में बँट जाता है जो हर एक अपने तर्क का अनुसरण करती है।
पृष्ठभूमि
तीन दशकों तक समाज के एक सामान्य सिद्धांत पर काम किया: समाज लोगों से नहीं, संप्रेषणों से बना है, और आधुनिक समाज स्वयं-उत्पादक प्रकार्य-प्रणालियों में विभेदित है – अर्थव्यवस्था, विधि, राजनीति, विज्ञान, कला, धर्म।
मुख्य विचार
- सामाजिक प्रणालियाँ और उनका परिवेश
- स्व-सृजन (autopoiesis)
- प्रकार्यात्मक विभेदन
- समाज के तत्त्व के रूप में संप्रेषण
गुरु: टैल्कॉट पार्सन्स
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
एडमुंड हुसल
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Luhmann took Husserl’s analysis of meaning, an actual given against a horizon of possibilities, as the basic concept of his systems theory (‘Sinn als Grundbegriff der Soziologie’, 1971). N. Luhmann, “Sinn als Grundbegriff der Soziologie”, in J. Habermas and N. Luhmann, Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie (1971); Soziale Systeme (1984); SEP “Edmund Husserl”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
एडमुंड हुसल › 1859–1938
टैल्कॉट पार्सन्स जिनसे पढ़ा
जिनसे पढ़ा
Luhmann, then an administrative official, spent 1960–61 at Harvard on a scholarship and attended Parsons’s seminars; a one-year stay. He took his doctorate and Habilitation later, both in Münster in 1966. N. Luhmann, Archimedes und wir. Interviews (1987)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
टैल्कॉट पार्सन्स › 1902–1979
आलोचना
परस्पर आलोचना 1
युर्गन हाबरमास ⇄ परस्पर
जिनकी आलोचना की
Luhmann rejected Habermas’s anchoring of social theory in consensus reached through discourse, analysing society as differentiated systems that reduce complexity (Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie?, 1971). J. Habermas & N. Luhmann, Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie – Was leistet die Systemforschung? (1971)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जिनके द्वारा आलोचित
Habermas objected that Luhmann’s systems theory is a sophisticated form of technocratic thinking that redefines practical questions as technical ones (Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie?, 1971). J. Habermas & N. Luhmann, Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie – Was leistet die Systemforschung? (1971), Habermas’s contribution
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
युर्गन हाबरमास › 1929–2026
कृतियाँ
स्व-सृजन (autopoiesis) की अवधारणा से नए सिरे से रचा गया प्रणाली-सिद्धांत: सामाजिक प्रणालियाँ संप्रेषणों से बनी हैं जो आगे और संप्रेषण पैदा करते हैं, और वे अपने परिवेश को केवल अपने ही भेदों के माध्यम से देखती हैं।
मत
Luhmann’s ambition was a universal theory of society that could describe everything social, including itself. He replaced the old distinction between whole and parts with that between system and environment. Social systems, he argued in Soziale Systeme (1984), consist not of people or actions but of communications, which connect to further communications; human beings, with their bodies and minds, belong to the environment of society. Following the biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela, he called such systems autopoietic: they produce and reproduce their own elements and are operationally closed, though they can be irritated by their environment. Modern society is no longer ordered by a hierarchy of estates but by functional differentiation: the economy, law, politics, science, religion, art, education and the mass media each observe the world through their own binary code – payment or non-payment, legal or illegal, true or false. No centre can steer the whole. In a famous controversy with Jürgen Habermas (1971), Luhmann defended a descriptive theory against a critical one; critics found his work cold and conservative, admirers liberatingly ironic. He worked with a card index of some 90,000 notes and published more than 70 books.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Niklas Luhmann was born in 1927 in Lüneburg, the son of a brewery owner. In 1944, aged sixteen, he was called up as an air force auxiliary, and in 1945 he was briefly a prisoner of war of the Americans. He studied law in Freiburg and worked as a civil servant in Lüneburg and in the Lower Saxony ministry of culture. A year at Harvard in 1960–61 brought him into contact with Talcott Parsons. After research posts in Speyer and Dortmund, he took his doctorate and habilitation in Münster in 1966, and in 1968 became the first professor appointed to the new University of Bielefeld, where he taught until 1993. Asked to name his research project there, he wrote: “Theory of society; duration: 30 years; costs: none.” He died in 1998 in Oerlinghausen.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Funktionen und Folgen formaler Organisation (1964)
- Love as Passion (1982)
- Social Systems (1984)
- Ecological Communication (1986)
- The Reality of the Mass Media (1996)
- Theory of Society (1997)
इनमें आता है
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