برنارد ماندفيل
تزدهر المجتمعات التجارية بالأهواء التي يدينها الأخلاقيون – الكبرياء والغرور والحسد وحب الترف؛ والفضيلة في معظمها اختراع من سياسيين أذكياء يتملقون الكبرياء ليروّضوا حب الذات، والأمة التي تصير أمينة ومقتصدة حقًا ستفقد تجارتها وقوتها.
التموضع
طبيب هولندي المولد في لندن: في «حكاية النحل» تعيش خلية مزدهرة على الغرور والترف والجشع وتنحط حين تصير نزيهة؛ والرذائل الخاصة، يديرها السياسيون بمهارة، تنتج منافع عامة، والفضيلة نفسها نمت من كبرياء مُدِح.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- رذائل خاصة، منافع عامة
- الكبرياء وأصل الفضيلة
- الترف والازدهار
- نظام اجتماعي بلا تصميم
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 1
بيير بايل
تأثّر بـ
Mandeville took from Bayle’s Various Thoughts on the Comet (1682) the view that people act from passions, not professed principles, which underlies The Fable of the Bees (1714). P. Bayle, Pensées diverses sur la comète (1682); B. Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees, ed. F. B. Kaye (1924), introduction; SEP “Bernard Mandeville”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بيير بايل › 1647–1706
أثّر في 2
ديفيد هيوم
أثّر في
Introducing the Treatise (1739), Hume named Mandeville, with Locke, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson and Butler, among those who began to put the science of man on a new footing. D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), Introduction; SEP “Bernard Mandeville”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ديفيد هيوم › 1711–1776
كارل ماركس
أثّر في
In Capital I (1867) Marx quoted the Fable of the Bees, calling Mandeville an upright man with a clear mind who saw that wealth rests on the labouring poor. K. Marx, Das Kapital I (1867), on the general law of capitalist accumulation; B. Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees (1714)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كارل ماركس › 1818–1883
النقد
انتقده 5
جورج بيركلي
انتقده
Berkeley’s Alciphron (1732, Dialogue II) attacked Mandeville’s thesis that private vices are public benefits, voiced by the free-thinker Lysicles; Mandeville replied in A Letter to Dion. G. Berkeley, Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher (1732), Dialogue II; B. Mandeville, A Letter to Dion (1732)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جورج بيركلي › 1685–1753
فرانسيس هاتشسون
انتقده
Hutcheson’s Inquiry (1725) defended Shaftesbury ‘against the Author of the Fable of the Bees’, arguing that a moral sense approves benevolence independently of self-interest. F. Hutcheson, An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725), title page and Treatise II; SEP “Francis Hutcheson”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فرانسيس هاتشسون › 1694–1746
جان جاك روسو
انتقده
Rousseau granted Mandeville that pity is natural but objected that he missed that generosity, clemency and humanity all flow from it (Second Discourse, 1755). J.-J. Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine de l’inégalité (1755), Part I
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جان جاك روسو › 1712–1778
آدم سميث
انتقده
Smith called Mandeville’s system ‘wholly pernicious’: it treats every passion as vice and confuses the love of true praiseworthiness with vanity (Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759, VII.ii.4). A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), VII.ii.4 (“Of licentious systems”)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
آدم سميث › 1723–1790
إيمانويل كانط
انتقده
Kant listed Mandeville’s grounding of morality in the civil constitution among the material, heteronomous principles unfit to found moral law (Critique of Practical Reason, 1788, Ak. 5:40). I. Kant, Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (1788), §8, Remark II (AA V 40)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
إيمانويل كانط › 1724–1804
الأعمال
- 1714أسطورة النحل
حكاية شعرية رمزية عام 1705 («الخلية المتذمرة») وُسّعت بملاحظات نثرية ومقالات (1714، ووُسّعت 1723، والجزء الثاني 1729): خلية مزدهرة تصير أمينة فتفقد تجارتها وفنونها وقوتها، لأن التجارة تعيش على الرغبة والغرور والترف.
الموقف
Mandeville is on the map as the author of a provocative book of the Enlightenment and a forerunner of theories of unintended social order. “The Fable of the Bees” argues that commercial societies thrive on the very passions moralists condemn: pride, vanity, envy and the love of luxury create demand, employment and the arts, so that “private vices” become “public benefits” when “skilful politicians” channel them. In “An Enquiry into the Origin of Moral Virtue” he claimed that virtue was invented by lawgivers who flattered human pride to make people restrain their appetites. If virtue is defined strictly as self-denial, almost nothing in a flourishing society is virtuous – a rigorism whose ironic intent is still debated. His “Essay on Charity and Charity-Schools” (1723), which argued that educating the labouring poor would unfit them for hard work, caused a public scandal. The book provoked replies from Hutcheson, Berkeley, William Law and many others; Adam Smith called it a “licentious system” but took up much of its analysis of commerce, Kant counted Mandeville among the heteronomous moralists, and Marx quoted him with respect. Twentieth-century economists such as Hayek and Keynes rediscovered him as an early theorist of spontaneous order and of demand.
الحياة والسياق
Bernard Mandeville was born in Rotterdam in November 1670 (baptised on 20 November) into a family of physicians and civic officials. He studied philosophy and medicine at Leiden, where he defended the Cartesian view that animals lack feeling in a disputation of 1689 and took his medical degree in 1691 with a thesis on digestion. His family was caught up in the Rotterdam tax riot of 1690, after which his father was banished from the city. In the 1690s Mandeville went to London, where he settled as a physician specialising in “hypochondriack and hysterick passions”, married in 1699 and wrote in English. His verse fable “The Grumbling Hive” (1705) grew into “The Fable of the Bees” (1714); the enlarged edition of 1723 was presented by the Grand Jury of Middlesex as a public nuisance. He died in Hackney on 21 January 1733.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- The Grumbling Hive: or, Knaves Turn’d Honest (1705)
- A Treatise of the Hypochondriack and Hysterick Passions (1711)
- The Fable of the Bees: or, Private Vices, Publick Benefits (1714; enlarged 1723; Part II, 1729)
- An Enquiry into the Origin of Honour, and the Usefulness of Christianity in War (1732)
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