आल्फ्रेड शुट्ज़
रोज़मर्रा का जीवन स्वतःसिद्ध माने गए ज्ञान और प्ररूपों के विशाल भंडार पर टिका है, और समाजशास्त्र को समझना होगा कि लोग अपने संसार को कैसे अर्थ देते हैं।
पृष्ठभूमि
दिन में बैंकर, रात में दार्शनिक: उन्होंने हुसल के घटना-विज्ञान को वेबर के व्याख्यात्मक समाजशास्त्र से जोड़ा और उस रोज़मर्रा के जीवन-जगत का वर्णन किया जिसे हम स्वतःसिद्ध मानते हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- जीवन-जगत और स्वाभाविक रवैया
- प्ररूपीकरण
- अनेक वास्तविकताएँ
- अजनबी
शिष्य: थॉमस लकमान, पीटर एल. बर्गर
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
विलियम जेम्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Schutz reworked James’s sub-universes of reality into ‘finite provinces of meaning’, with the everyday world of working as paramount reality (‘On Multiple Realities’, 1945). A. Schutz, “On Multiple Realities”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 5 (1945); W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
विलियम जेम्स › 1842–1910
आँरी बेर्गसोन
जिनसे प्रभावित
Schutz grounded meaning in Bergson’s inner duration: lived experience becomes meaningful when a reflective glance turns back on it (Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt, 1932). A. Schütz, Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt (1932); Theorie der Lebensformen (manuscripts 1925–27, ed. I. Srubar, 1981); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आँरी बेर्गसोन › 1859–1941
एडमुंड हुसल
जिनसे प्रभावित
Schutz used Husserl’s constitutive phenomenology to clarify Weber’s ‘subjective meaning’, describing how meaning is built up in consciousness and how we understand others; Husserl admired the book (1932). A. Schütz, Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt (1932); SEP “Alfred Schutz”; SEP “Edmund Husserl”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
एडमुंड हुसल › 1859–1938
मैक्स वेबर
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Schutz took up Weber’s demand that sociology understand the subjective meaning of action and asked what that meaning is, a question he found Weber had left unexamined (1932). A. Schütz, Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt (1932); SEP “Alfred Schutz”; SEP “Max Weber”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
मैक्स वेबर › 1864–1920
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 7
हैरोल्ड गारफ़िंकल
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Garfinkel turned Schutz’s common-sense knowledge into an empirical topic, using breaching experiments to expose the background expectancies of everyday life (Studies in Ethnomethodology, 1967). H. Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967); J. Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology (1984); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
हैरोल्ड गारफ़िंकल › 1917–2011
इरविंग गोफमैन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Frame Analysis (1974) Goffman built on Schutz’s finite provinces of meaning, after James, but shifted from consciousness to the frames that organise definitions of situations. E. Goffman, Frame Analysis (1974); A. Schutz, “On Multiple Realities” (1945); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इरविंग गोफमैन › 1922–1982
डोरोथी ई. स्मिथ
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Smith built on Schutz’s phenomenology of the everyday world but held that its order is organised extra-locally, by texts and relations of ruling (1987). D. E. Smith, The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology (1987); “Women’s Perspective as a Radical Critique of Sociology”, Sociological Inquiry 44 (1974)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
डोरोथी ई. स्मिथ › 1926–2022
थॉमस लकमान जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया ✓
Luckmann studied at the New School for Social Research in New York in the 1950s and attended Schutz’s courses; after Schutz’s death he completed Strukturen der Lebenswelt from his drafts (1975/1984). A. Schütz & T. Luckmann, Strukturen der Lebenswelt I (1975), preface
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
थॉमस लकमान › 1927–2016
पीटर एल. बर्गर जिन्हें पढ़ाया
जिन्हें पढ़ाया
Berger studied at the New School for Social Research in New York (MA 1950, PhD 1954), where he attended the courses of Schutz, who taught there. P. L. Berger, Adventures of an Accidental Sociologist (2011)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पीटर एल. बर्गर › 1929–2017
युर्गन हाबरमास
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Habermas developed his concept of the lifeworld, the shared background of communication, in critical dialogue with Husserl, Schutz and Luckmann (Theory of Communicative Action, 1981). J. Habermas, Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981), vol. II; A. Schutz and T. Luckmann, The Structures of the Life-World (1973)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
युर्गन हाबरमास › 1929–2026
एंथनी गिडेंस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Giddens took up Schutz’s stocks of knowledge as actors’ ‘mutual knowledge’ but objected that Schutz neglected power and unintended consequences of action (New Rules of Sociological Method, 1976). A. Giddens, New Rules of Sociological Method (1976); The Constitution of Society (1984); SEP “Alfred Schutz”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
एंथनी गिडेंस › जन्म 1938
कृतियाँ
वेबर के व्याख्यात्मक समाजशास्त्र को हुसल के घटना-विज्ञान में आधार देती है: रोज़मर्रा के जीवन-जगत में हम कैसे समझते हैं कि दूसरे क्या अर्थ रखते हैं।
मत
Schutz took up Max Weber’s demand that sociology understand the subjective meaning of action and asked what this “meaning” actually is – a question Weber had left unexamined. Drawing on Husserl’s phenomenology and Bergson’s analysis of inner time, Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt (1932) describes how meaning is built up in the stream of experience and how we understand other people. Its central idea is the life-world: the everyday reality we inhabit in the “natural attitude”, without doubting that the world exists and that others experience it much as we do. We cope with it through a “stock of knowledge at hand” made of typifications – the postman, the bus, a greeting – most of which we have learned from others. Schutz distinguished “in-order-to” motives from “because” motives, and the consociates we meet face to face from contemporaries known only as types. Essays such as “The Stranger” (1944) and “On Multiple Realities” (1945) applied these ideas. Through Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann’s The Social Construction of Reality (1966) and Harold Garfinkel’s ethnomethodology, his work shaped much of later sociology.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Alfred Schutz (Schütz) was born in Vienna in 1899. After serving in the Austro-Hungarian army in the First World War he studied law and social science at the University of Vienna under Hans Kelsen and Ludwig von Mises. All his life he earned his living as a legal and financial adviser in banking, at first for the Vienna firm Reitler & Co. His only book published in his lifetime, Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt (1932), won Husserl’s admiration. When Germany annexed Austria in 1938 he happened to be in Paris on business; in 1939 the family emigrated to the United States. From 1943 he taught sociology and philosophy at the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research in New York, while continuing his banking work. He died in New York in 1959.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- The Phenomenology of the Social World (1932)
- “The Stranger” (1944)
- “On Multiple Realities” (1945)
- Collected Papers (posthumous, 1962–66)
- The Structures of the Life-World (with Thomas Luckmann, posthumous, 1973)
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