चार्ल्स सैंडर्स पियर्स
किसी विचार का अर्थ उसके व्यावहारिक प्रभावों में है, और ज्ञान अन्वेषकों के एक समुदाय द्वारा स्वयं को परखने और सुधारने से बढ़ता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
व्यावहारिकतावाद और संकेत-विज्ञान के संस्थापक: किसी अवधारणा का अर्थ उसके व्यावहारिक परिणामों में है।
मुख्य विचार
- व्यावहारिक सूत्र
- संकेत-विज्ञान
- अपहरण (abduction)
- त्रुटिशीलतावाद (fallibilism)
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 4
अरस्तू
जिनसे प्रभावित
Peirce took his term ‘abduction’ for inference to an explanatory hypothesis from Aristotle’s apagoge in the Prior Analytics, setting it beside deduction and induction. Aristotle, Prior Analytics; SEP “Abduction”; SEP “Charles Sanders Peirce”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
अरस्तू › 384–322 ईसा पूर्व
दुन्स स्कोतुस
जिनसे प्रभावित
Peirce called himself a Scotistic realist, defending against nominalism the reality of generals, and adapted Scotus’s haecceity, ‘thisness’, for his category of Secondness. J. F. Boler, Charles Peirce and Scholastic Realism (1963); C. S. Peirce, review of Fraser’s Berkeley (1871); SEP “Charles Sanders Peirce”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
दुन्स स्कोतुस › लगभग 1266–1308
जार्ज बर्कली
जिनसे प्रभावित ✓
Peirce reviewed Fraser’s edition of Berkeley’s Works (1871) and later, writing to James (1903), gave Berkeley more right than anyone to be called the introducer of pragmatism. C. S. Peirce, review of A. C. Fraser (ed.), The Works of George Berkeley, North American Review (1871); letter to W. James (1903); L. Friedman, “Pragmatism: The Unformulated Method of Bishop Berkeley”, Journal of the History of Philosophy (2003)
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
जार्ज बर्कली › 1685–1753
इमानुएल कांट
जिनसे प्रभावित
Peirce studied the Critique of Pure Reason for years in his youth and took the name ‘pragmatism’ from Kant’s distinction between pragmatisch and praktisch (‘What Pragmatism Is’, 1905). C. S. Peirce, “What Pragmatism Is”, The Monist (1905); SEP “Charles Sanders Peirce”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
इमानुएल कांट › 1724–1804
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 5
विलियम जेम्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In ‘Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results’ (1898) James credited Peirce’s ‘How to Make Our Ideas Clear’ (1878) with the principle of pragmatism and made it widely known. W. James, “Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results” (1898); C. S. Peirce, “How to Make Our Ideas Clear” (1878); SEP “Pragmatism”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
विलियम जेम्स › 1842–1910
जॉन डुई
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Dewey heard Peirce at Johns Hopkins and built Logic: The Theory of Inquiry (1938) on Peirce’s account of inquiry as the passage from doubt to settled belief. J. Dewey, Logic: The Theory of Inquiry (1938); C. S. Peirce, “The Fixation of Belief” (1877); SEP “John Dewey”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
जॉन डुई › 1859–1952
विल्फ्रिड सेलर्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Sellars took over Peirce’s idea of truth as the ideal end of inquiry, calling the final conceptual framework of science ‘Peirceish’ (Science and Metaphysics, 1968). W. Sellars, Science and Metaphysics: Variations on Kantian Themes (1968); SEP “Wilfrid Sellars”; SEP “Charles Sanders Peirce”
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
विल्फ्रिड सेलर्स › 1912–1989
युर्गन हाबरमास
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In Knowledge and Human Interests (1968) Habermas read Peirce’s logic of inquiry as uncovering the technical interest that guides the empirical sciences. J. Habermas, Erkenntnis und Interesse (1968); SEP “Jürgen Habermas”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
युर्गन हाबरमास › 1929–2026
उम्बर्तो एको
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया ✓
Eco took Peirce’s interpretant and unlimited semiosis, every sign interpreted by further signs, as the basis of his general semiotics (Trattato di semiotica generale, 1975). U. Eco, Trattato di semiotica generale (1975); Lector in fabula (1979); SEP “Charles Sanders Peirce”
साक्ष्य: Wikidata में भी · Wikidata
उम्बर्तो एको › 1932–2016
आलोचना
जिनकी आलोचना की 1
रने देकार्त
जिनकी आलोचना की
Peirce rejected Cartesian doubt – ‘let us not pretend to doubt in philosophy what we do not doubt in our hearts’ (‘Some Consequences of Four Incapacities’, 1868). C. S. Peirce, “Some Consequences of Four Incapacities”, Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1868); SEP “Charles Sanders Peirce”
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
रने देकार्त › 1596–1650
कृतियाँ
हम पूर्ण संदेह से आरंभ नहीं कर सकते – देकार्तवाद के विरुद्ध।
व्यावहारिक सूत्र।
मत
Peirce is the founder of pragmatism, though he later renamed his version “pragmaticism” to distinguish it from James’. His pragmatic maxim says that the meaning of a concept lies in the practical effects we conceive its object to have. Inquiry begins not with Cartesian doubt but with real doubt, and aims to fix belief; truth is what a community of inquirers would ultimately agree on. All knowledge is fallible. Beyond induction and deduction he identified abduction, the inventive inference to the best hypothesis. He also founded modern semiotics, with his theory of signs as icon, index and symbol, and in logic devised a notation for quantifiers independently of Frege.
जीवन और संदर्भ
The son of a Harvard mathematician, Peirce worked for three decades as a scientist for the US Coast Survey and taught logic only briefly at Johns Hopkins University. With William James and others he belonged to the “Metaphysical Club” in Cambridge. Difficult and unconventional, he never held a permanent professorship and died in poverty in Milford, Pennsylvania, leaving thousands of manuscript pages.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Some Consequences of Four Incapacities (1868)
- The Fixation of Belief (1877)
- How to Make Our Ideas Clear (1878)
- What Pragmatism Is (1905)
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