آيرس ماريون يونغ
العدالة ليست مسألة من ينال ماذا فحسب، بل إنهاء القمع والسيطرة اللذين لهما وجوه كثيرة في الحياة اليومية.
التموضع
فيلسوفة سياسية: العدالة ليست توزيعًا فحسب بل غياب الاضطهاد والهيمنة، وللاضطهاد خمسة وجوه؛ و«الرمي مثل فتاة» يبيّن كيف يتعلم الجسد حدوده من المجتمع.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- وجوه الاضطهاد الخمسة
- سياسة الاختلاف
- الرمي مثل فتاة
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 4
سيمون دو بوفوار
تأثّر بـ ✓
Young started from Beauvoir’s account of woman as both subject and object to describe the inhibited bodily comportment of girls (‘Throwing Like a Girl’, 1980). I. M. Young, “Throwing Like a Girl”, Human Studies 3 (1980); S. de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe (1949)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
سيمون دو بوفوار › 1908–1986
موريس ميرلو بونتي
تأثّر بـ
Young applied Merleau-Ponty’s motor intentionality to feminine bodily comportment, finding an ‘inhibited intentionality’ caught between ‘I can’ and ‘I cannot’ (‘Throwing Like a Girl’, 1980). I. M. Young, “Throwing Like a Girl”, Human Studies 3 (1980); M. Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie de la perception (1945)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
موريس ميرلو بونتي › 1908–1961
ميشال فوكو
تأثّر بـ
Young drew on Foucault’s analysis of power in everyday practices to define oppression as structural, not as rule by tyrants (Justice and the Politics of Difference, 1990). I. M. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990); M. Foucault, Surveiller et punir (1975)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ميشال فوكو › 1926–1984
يورغن هابرماس
تأثّر بـ
Young took up Habermas’s discourse model of deliberative democracy but widened it to include greeting, rhetoric and narrative as forms of political communication (Inclusion and Democracy, 2000). I. M. Young, Inclusion and Democracy (2000); “Communication and the Other”, in S. Benhabib (ed.), Democracy and Difference (1996)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
يورغن هابرماس › 1929–2026
أثّر في 1
سالي هاسلانغر
أثّر في
Haslanger took up Young’s account of oppression as structural, arising from institutions and practices rather than individual ill will (‘Oppressions: Racial and Other’, 2004; Resisting Reality, 2012). S. Haslanger, “Oppressions: Racial and Other”, in M. P. Levine and T. Pataki (eds.), Racism in Mind (2004); Resisting Reality (2012); I. M. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
سالي هاسلانغر › وُلد 1955
النقد
نقد متبادل 1
نانسي فريزر ⇄ متبادل
انتقد
Young objected that Fraser’s dual framework of redistribution and recognition splits apart what belongs together: cultural and economic injustice are intertwined in the same structures (‘Unruly Categories’, 1997). I. M. Young, “Unruly Categories: A Critique of Nancy Fraser’s Dual Systems Theory”, New Left Review 222 (1997); reply: N. Fraser, “A Rejoinder to Iris Young”, New Left Review 223 (1997)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
انتقده
Fraser objected that Young’s Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990) runs together cultural and political-economic injustice and affirms group differences that justice may require abolishing (1995). N. Fraser, “Recognition or Redistribution? A Critical Reading of Iris Young’s Justice and the Politics of Difference”, Journal of Political Philosophy 3 (1995); I. M. Young, “Unruly Categories”, New Left Review 222 (1997)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
نانسي فريزر › وُلد 1947
ينتقد 2
حنة آرنت
انتقد
Young took up Arendt’s distinction between guilt and political responsibility but tied responsibility to participation in unjust structures, not to membership in a polity (Responsibility for Justice, 2011). I. M. Young, Responsibility for Justice (2011), ch. 3 “Guilt versus Responsibility: A Reading and Partial Critique of Hannah Arendt”; H. Arendt, “Collective Responsibility” (1968)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
حنة آرنت › 1906–1975
جون رولز
انتقد
Young argued that the ‘distributive paradigm’ dominant since Rawls misses institutional structures of oppression and domination (Justice and the Politics of Difference, 1990, ch. 1). I. M. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990), ch. 1
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جون رولز › 1921–2002
الأعمال
ظاهريات للسلوك الجسدي الأنثوي: كيف تتعلم الفتيات كبح حركاتهن.
خمسة وجوه للاضطهاد – الاستغلال والتهميش وانعدام القوة والإمبريالية الثقافية والعنف – ونقد للنموذج التوزيعي.
الموقف
Young’s early essay “Throwing Like a Girl” applied Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology to Beauvoir’s claim that women are made, not born: girls learn to move within a limited space and to treat their bodies as fragile objects, and this comportment is social, not natural. “Justice and the Politics of Difference” argued that the “distributive paradigm” dominant since Rawls misses what justice is mostly about: institutional structures that oppress and dominate. She distinguished five faces of oppression – exploitation, marginalisation, powerlessness, cultural imperialism and violence – and defended a politics in which difference is represented rather than assimilated.
الحياة والسياق
Iris Marion Young (1949–2006) was born in New York, studied at Queens College and Pennsylvania State University and taught at Worcester Polytechnic, Pittsburgh and, from 2000, the University of Chicago. She combined political theory with feminist activism and work on urban policy, and was a visiting fellow in Princeton, Frankfurt and Canberra. She died of cancer at fifty-seven, leaving a last book on responsibility for structural injustice, published posthumously.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Inclusion and Democracy (2000)
- Responsibility for Justice (2011)
يرد في
- رحلة «ما العادل؟» · المحطة 9 من 10
- نقاش «العدالة والمساواة»
- نقاش «هل نستحق نجاحنا؟ حكم الجدارة»
بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora