Iris Marion Young
Sprawiedliwość to nie tylko to, kto co dostaje, lecz zakończenie opresji i dominacji, które w życiu codziennym mają wiele twarzy.
Umiejscowienie
Filozofka polityczna: sprawiedliwość to nie tylko dystrybucja, ale brak opresji i dominacji, która ma pięć twarzy; „rzucanie jak dziewczyna” pokazuje, jak ciało uczy się swoich granic od społeczeństwa.
Kluczowe idee
- Pięć twarzy opresji
- Polityka różnicy
- Rzucanie jak dziewczyna
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 4
Simone de Beauvoir
pod wpływem ✓
Young started from Beauvoir’s account of woman as both subject and object to describe the inhibited bodily comportment of girls (‘Throwing Like a Girl’, 1980). I. M. Young, “Throwing Like a Girl”, Human Studies 3 (1980); S. de Beauvoir, Le Deuxième Sexe (1949)
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Simone de Beauvoir › 1908–1986
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
pod wpływem
Young applied Merleau-Ponty’s motor intentionality to feminine bodily comportment, finding an ‘inhibited intentionality’ caught between ‘I can’ and ‘I cannot’ (‘Throwing Like a Girl’, 1980). I. M. Young, “Throwing Like a Girl”, Human Studies 3 (1980); M. Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie de la perception (1945)
Źródło: szkic AI
Maurice Merleau-Ponty › 1908–1961
Michel Foucault
pod wpływem
Young drew on Foucault’s analysis of power in everyday practices to define oppression as structural, not as rule by tyrants (Justice and the Politics of Difference, 1990). I. M. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990); M. Foucault, Surveiller et punir (1975)
Źródło: szkic AI
Michel Foucault › 1926–1984
Jürgen Habermas
pod wpływem
Young took up Habermas’s discourse model of deliberative democracy but widened it to include greeting, rhetoric and narrative as forms of political communication (Inclusion and Democracy, 2000). I. M. Young, Inclusion and Democracy (2000); “Communication and the Other”, in S. Benhabib (ed.), Democracy and Difference (1996)
Źródło: szkic AI
Jürgen Habermas › 1929–2026
Wpływ na 1
Sally Haslanger
wpływ na
Haslanger took up Young’s account of oppression as structural, arising from institutions and practices rather than individual ill will (‘Oppressions: Racial and Other’, 2004; Resisting Reality, 2012). S. Haslanger, “Oppressions: Racial and Other”, in M. P. Levine and T. Pataki (eds.), Racism in Mind (2004); Resisting Reality (2012); I. M. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990)
Źródło: szkic AI
Sally Haslanger › ur. 1955
Krytyka
Wzajemna krytyka 1
Nancy Fraser ⇄ wzajemnie
krytykuje
Young objected that Fraser’s dual framework of redistribution and recognition splits apart what belongs together: cultural and economic injustice are intertwined in the same structures (‘Unruly Categories’, 1997). I. M. Young, “Unruly Categories: A Critique of Nancy Fraser’s Dual Systems Theory”, New Left Review 222 (1997); reply: N. Fraser, “A Rejoinder to Iris Young”, New Left Review 223 (1997)
Źródło: szkic AI
krytyka ze strony
Fraser objected that Young’s Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990) runs together cultural and political-economic injustice and affirms group differences that justice may require abolishing (1995). N. Fraser, “Recognition or Redistribution? A Critical Reading of Iris Young’s Justice and the Politics of Difference”, Journal of Political Philosophy 3 (1995); I. M. Young, “Unruly Categories”, New Left Review 222 (1997)
Źródło: szkic AI
Nancy Fraser › ur. 1947
Krytykuje 2
Hannah Arendt
krytykuje
Young took up Arendt’s distinction between guilt and political responsibility but tied responsibility to participation in unjust structures, not to membership in a polity (Responsibility for Justice, 2011). I. M. Young, Responsibility for Justice (2011), ch. 3 “Guilt versus Responsibility: A Reading and Partial Critique of Hannah Arendt”; H. Arendt, “Collective Responsibility” (1968)
Źródło: szkic AI
Hannah Arendt › 1906–1975
John Rawls
krytykuje
Young argued that the ‘distributive paradigm’ dominant since Rawls misses institutional structures of oppression and domination (Justice and the Politics of Difference, 1990, ch. 1). I. M. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990), ch. 1
Źródło: szkic AI
John Rawls › 1921–2002
Dzieła
Fenomenologia kobiecej postawy ciała: jak dziewczynki uczą się hamować własne ruchy.
Pięć twarzy opresji – wyzysk, marginalizacja, bezsilność, imperializm kulturowy, przemoc – i krytyka paradygmatu dystrybutywnego.
Stanowisko
Young’s early essay “Throwing Like a Girl” applied Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology to Beauvoir’s claim that women are made, not born: girls learn to move within a limited space and to treat their bodies as fragile objects, and this comportment is social, not natural. “Justice and the Politics of Difference” argued that the “distributive paradigm” dominant since Rawls misses what justice is mostly about: institutional structures that oppress and dominate. She distinguished five faces of oppression – exploitation, marginalisation, powerlessness, cultural imperialism and violence – and defended a politics in which difference is represented rather than assimilated.
Życie i kontekst
Iris Marion Young (1949–2006) was born in New York, studied at Queens College and Pennsylvania State University and taught at Worcester Polytechnic, Pittsburgh and, from 2000, the University of Chicago. She combined political theory with feminist activism and work on urban policy, and was a visiting fellow in Princeton, Frankfurt and Canberra. She died of cancer at fifty-seven, leaving a last book on responsibility for structural injustice, published posthumously.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Throwing Like a Girl (1980)
- Inclusion and Democracy (2000)
- Responsibility for Justice (2011)
Pojawia się w
- Podróż „Co jest sprawiedliwe?” · Przystanek 9 z 10
- Debata „Sprawiedliwość i równość”
- Debata „Czy zasługujemy na nasz sukces? Merytokracja”
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