سالي هاسلانغر
الجندر والعِرق حقيقيان، لكنهما موقعان اجتماعيان من الامتياز والحرمان – وعلى الفلسفة أن تسأل عن المفاهيم التي نحتاجها لمقاومة الظلم.
التموضع
ميتافيزيقية العالم الاجتماعي في معهد ماساتشوستس للتقنية: النوع الاجتماعي والعرق حقيقيان لكنهما مواقع للتبعية والامتياز مبنية اجتماعيًا – وعلى الفلسفة أن تسأل أي المفاهيم نحتاج لمقاومة الظلم (تحليل «تحسيني»).
الأفكار الرئيسة
- البناء الاجتماعي للنوع والعرق
- التحليل التحسيني
- التفسير البنيوي ونقد الأيديولوجيا
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 4
كارل ماركس
تأثّر بـ
Haslanger revived ideology critique in the tradition going back to Marx, treating ideology as networks of social meanings that make unjust practices seem natural (‘Culture and Critique’, 2017). S. Haslanger, “Culture and Critique”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, suppl. vol. 91 (2017); Resisting Reality (2012)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كارل ماركس › 1818–1883
سيمون دو بوفوار
تأثّر بـ
Haslanger developed Beauvoir’s claim that one becomes a woman into a social ontology of gender as a position in social relations, not a biological fact (Resisting Reality, 2012). S. Haslanger, Resisting Reality: Social Construction and Social Critique (2012); “Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them to Be?”, Noûs 34 (2000); S. de Beauvoir, Le deuxième sexe (1949); SEP “Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
سيمون دو بوفوار › 1908–1986
كاثرين ماكينون
تأثّر بـ
Haslanger defined women as those subordinated on the basis of perceived female sex, following MacKinnon’s account of gender as social hierarchy (‘Gender and Race: (What) Are They?’, 2000). S. Haslanger, “Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them to Be?”, Noûs 34 (2000); C. A. MacKinnon, Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (1989); SEP “Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كاثرين ماكينون › وُلد 1946
آيرس ماريون يونغ
تأثّر بـ
Haslanger took up Young’s account of oppression as structural, arising from institutions and practices rather than individual ill will (‘Oppressions: Racial and Other’, 2004; Resisting Reality, 2012). S. Haslanger, “Oppressions: Racial and Other”, in M. P. Levine and T. Pataki (eds.), Racism in Mind (2004); Resisting Reality (2012); I. M. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
آيرس ماريون يونغ › 1949–2006
أثّر في 1
روبن ديمبروف
أثّر في
Dembroff defended social and ameliorative accounts of gender in Haslanger’s line against Alex Byrne’s view that women are adult human females (‘Escaping the Natural Attitude about Gender’, 2021). R. Dembroff, “Escaping the Natural Attitude about Gender”, Philosophical Studies 178 (2021); “Real Talk on the Metaphysics of Gender”, Philosophical Topics 46 (2018); S. Haslanger, Resisting Reality (2012)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
روبن ديمبروف › معاصر
النقد
ينتقد 1
ديفيد لويس
انتقد
Haslanger defended endurance against Lewis’s argument from temporary intrinsics: things can change their intrinsic properties without having temporal parts (‘Endurance and Temporary Intrinsics’, Analysis, 1989). S. Haslanger, “Endurance and Temporary Intrinsics”, Analysis 49 (1989), 119–125; D. Lewis, On the Plurality of Worlds (1986), 202–204
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ديفيد لويس › 1941–2001
الموقف
Haslanger began in metaphysics, working on persistence through change and on Aristotle, and then brought its tools to feminist and critical race theory. “Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them to Be?” distinguishes three kinds of inquiry into a concept: conceptual (what we take it to mean), descriptive (what it actually tracks) and “ameliorative” (which concept we should use, given our legitimate purposes). For the purpose of fighting injustice she proposes that to be a woman is to be systematically subordinated along some dimension and to be marked for this treatment by observed or imagined bodily features taken as evidence of a female role in reproduction; races are defined analogously by perceived ancestry and bodily features. Gender and race are thus real but socially constructed hierarchical positions, not natural kinds – and the feminist and anti-racist aim is a society in which they no longer exist in this form. Her later work on structural explanation and ideology argues that injustice often lies in social structures and practices rather than individual attitudes, so that critique must target the social meanings and schemas that sustain them. Critics, among them Katharine Jenkins, have asked whether her definition of “woman” can include trans women and women who are not subordinated, which opened a wide debate about ameliorative concepts.
الحياة والسياق
Sally Haslanger (born 1955) studied philosophy and religion at Reed College and took her doctorate at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1985 with a dissertation on change and persistence. She taught at Princeton, the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Michigan before moving in 1998 to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she is Ford Professor of Philosophy and Women’s and Gender Studies and has directed the Women’s and Gender Studies programme. She gave the Carus Lectures in 2012, served as president of the American Philosophical Association’s Eastern Division and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She has also worked for many years for the inclusion of women and minorities in the discipline.
الأعمال الرئيسة
- Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them to Be? (2000)
- Resisting Reality (2012)
- Critical Theory and Practice (2017)
- What Is Race? (with Joshua Glasgow, Chike Jeffers and Quayshawn Spencer, 2019)
يرد في
- نقاش «ما الجندر؟»
- نقاش «العِرق والعنصرية»
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