ليو تولستوي
عِش بوصية الإنجيل ألّا تستخدم العنف أبدًا، حتى ضد الشر، وارفض الدولة والكنيسة والثروة القائمة عليه.
التموضع
اللاسلطوية المسيحية واللاعنف؛ وكانت لقراءته للأناجيل أثر في فتغنشتاين وغاندي.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- اللاعنف
- معنى الحياة
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 6
لاوتزه
تأثّر بـ
Tolstoy read Laozi from the 1880s and in 1910 published a selection of his sayings with his own essay “On the Essence of Laozi’s Teaching”. L. Tolstoy (ed.), Izrecheniya kitaiskogo mudretsa Lao-Tze (Posrednik, 1910); D. Bodde, Tolstoy and China (1950)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
لاوتزه › شخصية أسطورية
كونفوشيوس
تأثّر بـ
From 1883 Tolstoy read Confucius and Mencius in Legge’s translations and wanted to make the “Chinese sages” known; he wrote an essay for P. Boulanger’s The Life and Teaching of Confucius (1903) and included the Great Learning in his Chinese Wisdom (1907). P. Boulanger, Zhizn’ i uchenie Konfutsiya (1903), with an essay by Tolstoy; Tolstoy, Kitaiskaya mudrost’ (Posrednik, 1907); D. Bodde, Tolstoy and China (1950), pp. 22–23
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كونفوشيوس › تقليديًا 551–479 ق.م
جان جاك روسو
تأثّر بـ ✓
Tolstoy told Paul Boyer (1901) that Rousseau had been his master since he was fifteen; he wore a medallion with Rousseau’s portrait instead of a cross. P. Boyer, interview with Tolstoy (1901); SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
جان جاك روسو › 1712–1778
أرتور شوبنهاور
تأثّر بـ ✓
Tolstoy read Schopenhauer in 1869 while finishing War and Peace, writing to Fet of ‘unceasing raptures’, and in A Confession (1879–82) cited him on the vanity of life. L. N. Tolstoy, letter to A. A. Fet, 30 Aug. 1869; Ispoved’ (1879–82)
أرتور شوبنهاور › 1788–1860
بيير جوزيف برودون
تأثّر بـ ✓
Tolstoy visited Proudhon in Brussels in 1861, the year Proudhon published La Guerre et la Paix, whose title his novel War and Peace later shared. P.-J. Proudhon, La Guerre et la Paix (1861); L. N. Tolstoy, Voina i mir (1868–69)
بيير جوزيف برودون › 1809–1865
هنري ديفيد ثورو
تأثّر بـ ✓
Tolstoy read Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience (1849) in the 1890s, found in it support for refusing obedience to unjust state demands, and urged a Russian translation. H. D. Thoreau, “Resistance to Civil Government” (1849); L. N. Tolstoy, letters to V. G. Chertkov (1890s)
هنري ديفيد ثورو › 1817–1862
أثّر في 3
جين آدمز
أثّر في
Addams visited Tolstoy at Yasnaya Polyana in 1896 and, in Twenty Years at Hull-House (1910), weighed his ideal of bread labour against the work of the settlement. J. Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House (1910), “Tolstoyism”; SEP “Jane Addams”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
جين آدمز › 1860–1935
مهاتما غاندي
أثّر في ✓
Gandhi said Tolstoy’s The Kingdom of God Is Within You overwhelmed him; he published Tolstoy’s ‘Letter to a Hindu’ (1909) and named Tolstoy Farm after him (1910). M. K. Gandhi, An Autobiography (1927–29); M. Green, Tolstoy and Gandhi, Men of Peace (1983)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
مهاتما غاندي › 1869–1948
لودفيغ فيتغنشتاين
أثّر في
During the war Wittgenstein carried Tolstoy’s Gospel in Brief, bought in Galicia (1914); biographers link it to the ethical-mystical close of the Tractatus (1921). B. McGuinness, Wittgenstein: A Life. Young Ludwig 1889–1921 (1988); R. Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius (1990); L. Wittgenstein, Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung (1921)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
لودفيغ فيتغنشتاين › 1889–1951
النقد
انتقده 2
فلاديمير سولوفيوف
انتقده
Solovyov’s Three Conversations (1900) attacked Tolstoy’s doctrine of non-resistance to evil, which Solovyov held leaves the innocent defenceless and keeps Christ’s morality without his resurrection. V. Solovyov, Tri razgovora (1900), Preface and Third Conversation
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فلاديمير سولوفيوف › 1853–1900
ليف شيستوف
انتقده
In The Good in the Teaching of Tolstoy and Nietzsche (1900) Shestov argued that Tolstoy’s moral preaching made the good a substitute for God, a refuge from despair. L. Shestov, Dobro v uchenii gr. Tolstogo i F. Nitshe (1900)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ليف شيستوف › 1866–1938
الأعمال
- 1894مملكة الرب داخلك
اللاعنف المسيحي بوصفه فوضوية.
الموقف
Tolstoy’s Confession describes how fame, wealth and family could not answer the question of what remains of life once death is faced. He found the answer in the faith of simple people and in the Sermon on the Mount, read as a practical rule of life: love your enemy and do not resist evil with force. From this he drew far-reaching consequences – rejection of the state, the army, courts and private property, a kind of Christian anarchism, as well as a simple life of physical work. In What Is Art? he judged art by whether it unites people in shared feeling. His ethic of non-violence decisively influenced Gandhi.
الحياة والسياق
Born into the nobility on the estate of Yasnaya Polyana, Tolstoy served as an officer in the Crimean War and became world-famous with War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Around 1880 a crisis of meaning, which he described in A Confession, led him to a radical, undogmatic Christianity. He was excommunicated by the Orthodox Church and died in 1910 at a remote railway station after leaving home.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- War and Peace (1869)
- Anna Karenina (1878)
- A Confession (1882)
- The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894)
- What Is Art? (1897)
يرد في
بحسب الوضع في نوفمبر 2026 · المصادر · حسّن هذه الصفحة · كيف صُنع Agora