Lew Tołstoj
Żyj według przykazania Ewangelii, by nigdy nie stosować przemocy, nawet wobec zła, i odrzuć państwo, Kościół i bogactwo, które od niej zależą.
Umiejscowienie
Chrześcijański anarchizm i niestosowanie przemocy; jego lektura Ewangelii ukształtowała Wittgensteina i Gandhiego.
Kluczowe idee
- Niestosowanie przemocy
- Sens życia
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 6
Laozi
pod wpływem
Tolstoy read Laozi from the 1880s and in 1910 published a selection of his sayings with his own essay “On the Essence of Laozi’s Teaching”. L. Tolstoy (ed.), Izrecheniya kitaiskogo mudretsa Lao-Tze (Posrednik, 1910); D. Bodde, Tolstoy and China (1950)
Źródło: szkic AI
Laozi › postać legendarna
Konfucjusz
pod wpływem
From 1883 Tolstoy read Confucius and Mencius in Legge’s translations and wanted to make the “Chinese sages” known; he wrote an essay for P. Boulanger’s The Life and Teaching of Confucius (1903) and included the Great Learning in his Chinese Wisdom (1907). P. Boulanger, Zhizn’ i uchenie Konfutsiya (1903), with an essay by Tolstoy; Tolstoy, Kitaiskaya mudrost’ (Posrednik, 1907); D. Bodde, Tolstoy and China (1950), pp. 22–23
Źródło: szkic AI
Konfucjusz › według tradycji 551–479 p.n.e.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
pod wpływem ✓
Tolstoy told Paul Boyer (1901) that Rousseau had been his master since he was fifteen; he wore a medallion with Rousseau’s portrait instead of a cross. P. Boyer, interview with Tolstoy (1901); SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Jean-Jacques Rousseau › 1712–1778
Arthur Schopenhauer
pod wpływem ✓
Tolstoy read Schopenhauer in 1869 while finishing War and Peace, writing to Fet of ‘unceasing raptures’, and in A Confession (1879–82) cited him on the vanity of life. L. N. Tolstoy, letter to A. A. Fet, 30 Aug. 1869; Ispoved’ (1879–82)
Arthur Schopenhauer › 1788–1860
Pierre Joseph Proudhon
pod wpływem ✓
Tolstoy visited Proudhon in Brussels in 1861, the year Proudhon published La Guerre et la Paix, whose title his novel War and Peace later shared. P.-J. Proudhon, La Guerre et la Paix (1861); L. N. Tolstoy, Voina i mir (1868–69)
Pierre Joseph Proudhon › 1809–1865
Henry David Thoreau
pod wpływem ✓
Tolstoy read Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience (1849) in the 1890s, found in it support for refusing obedience to unjust state demands, and urged a Russian translation. H. D. Thoreau, “Resistance to Civil Government” (1849); L. N. Tolstoy, letters to V. G. Chertkov (1890s)
Henry David Thoreau › 1817–1862
Wpływ na 3
Jane Addams
wpływ na
Addams visited Tolstoy at Yasnaya Polyana in 1896 and, in Twenty Years at Hull-House (1910), weighed his ideal of bread labour against the work of the settlement. J. Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House (1910), “Tolstoyism”; SEP “Jane Addams”
Źródło: szkic AI
Jane Addams › 1860–1935
Mahatma Gandhi
wpływ na ✓
Gandhi said Tolstoy’s The Kingdom of God Is Within You overwhelmed him; he published Tolstoy’s ‘Letter to a Hindu’ (1909) and named Tolstoy Farm after him (1910). M. K. Gandhi, An Autobiography (1927–29); M. Green, Tolstoy and Gandhi, Men of Peace (1983)
Źródło: także w Wikidanych · Wikidata
Mahatma Gandhi › 1869–1948
Ludwig Wittgenstein
wpływ na
During the war Wittgenstein carried Tolstoy’s Gospel in Brief, bought in Galicia (1914); biographers link it to the ethical-mystical close of the Tractatus (1921). B. McGuinness, Wittgenstein: A Life. Young Ludwig 1889–1921 (1988); R. Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius (1990); L. Wittgenstein, Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung (1921)
Źródło: także w InPhO · InPhO
Ludwig Wittgenstein › 1889–1951
Krytyka
Krytyka ze strony 2
Włodzimierz Sołowjow
krytyka ze strony
Solovyov’s Three Conversations (1900) attacked Tolstoy’s doctrine of non-resistance to evil, which Solovyov held leaves the innocent defenceless and keeps Christ’s morality without his resurrection. V. Solovyov, Tri razgovora (1900), Preface and Third Conversation
Źródło: szkic AI
Włodzimierz Sołowjow › 1853–1900
Lew Szestow
krytyka ze strony
In The Good in the Teaching of Tolstoy and Nietzsche (1900) Shestov argued that Tolstoy’s moral preaching made the good a substitute for God, a refuge from despair. L. Shestov, Dobro v uchenii gr. Tolstogo i F. Nitshe (1900)
Źródło: szkic AI
Lew Szestow › 1866–1938
Dzieła
Chrześcijańska bezprzemocowość jako anarchizm.
Stanowisko
Tolstoy’s Confession describes how fame, wealth and family could not answer the question of what remains of life once death is faced. He found the answer in the faith of simple people and in the Sermon on the Mount, read as a practical rule of life: love your enemy and do not resist evil with force. From this he drew far-reaching consequences – rejection of the state, the army, courts and private property, a kind of Christian anarchism, as well as a simple life of physical work. In What Is Art? he judged art by whether it unites people in shared feeling. His ethic of non-violence decisively influenced Gandhi.
Życie i kontekst
Born into the nobility on the estate of Yasnaya Polyana, Tolstoy served as an officer in the Crimean War and became world-famous with War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Around 1880 a crisis of meaning, which he described in A Confession, led him to a radical, undogmatic Christianity. He was excommunicated by the Orthodox Church and died in 1910 at a remote railway station after leaving home.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- War and Peace (1869)
- Anna Karenina (1878)
- A Confession (1882)
- The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894)
- What Is Art? (1897)
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