列夫·托尔斯泰

Agora

列夫·托尔斯泰

1828–1910

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

遵循福音书中永不使用暴力、即使对恶也不使用暴力的诫命，并拒绝依赖暴力的国家、教会和财富。

定位

生命哲学与存在哲学 · 东欧 · 伦理学, 宗教, 政治与法

基督教无政府主义与非暴力；他对福音书的解读影响了维特根斯坦和甘地。

核心思想

非暴力
生活的意义

在星图中打开

影响

受影响于 6

老子

受其影响
Tolstoy read Laozi from the 1880s and in 1910 published a selection of his sayings with his own essay “On the Essence of Laozi’s Teaching”. L. Tolstoy (ed.), Izrecheniya kitaiskogo mudretsa Lao-Tze (Posrednik, 1910); D. Bodde, Tolstoy and China (1950)
依据: AI 草稿
老子 › 传说人物
孔子

受其影响
From 1883 Tolstoy read Confucius and Mencius in Legge’s translations and wanted to make the “Chinese sages” known; he wrote an essay for P. Boulanger’s The Life and Teaching of Confucius (1903) and included the Great Learning in his Chinese Wisdom (1907). P. Boulanger, Zhizn’ i uchenie Konfutsiya (1903), with an essay by Tolstoy; Tolstoy, Kitaiskaya mudrost’ (Posrednik, 1907); D. Bodde, Tolstoy and China (1950), pp. 22–23
依据: AI 草稿
孔子 › 相传公元前551—前479年
让-雅克·卢梭

受其影响 ✓
Tolstoy told Paul Boyer (1901) that Rousseau had been his master since he was fifteen; he wore a medallion with Rousseau’s portrait instead of a cross. P. Boyer, interview with Tolstoy (1901); SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
让-雅克·卢梭 › 1712–1778
亚瑟·叔本华

受其影响 ✓
Tolstoy read Schopenhauer in 1869 while finishing War and Peace, writing to Fet of ‘unceasing raptures’, and in A Confession (1879–82) cited him on the vanity of life. L. N. Tolstoy, letter to A. A. Fet, 30 Aug. 1869; Ispoved’ (1879–82)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
亚瑟·叔本华 › 1788–1860
皮埃尔-约瑟夫·蒲鲁东

受其影响 ✓
Tolstoy visited Proudhon in Brussels in 1861, the year Proudhon published La Guerre et la Paix, whose title his novel War and Peace later shared. P.-J. Proudhon, La Guerre et la Paix (1861); L. N. Tolstoy, Voina i mir (1868–69)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
皮埃尔-约瑟夫·蒲鲁东 › 1809–1865
亨利·戴维·梭罗

受其影响 ✓
Tolstoy read Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience (1849) in the 1890s, found in it support for refusing obedience to unjust state demands, and urged a Russian translation. H. D. Thoreau, “Resistance to Civil Government” (1849); L. N. Tolstoy, letters to V. G. Chertkov (1890s)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
亨利·戴维·梭罗 › 1817–1862

影响了 3

简·亚当斯

影响了
Addams visited Tolstoy at Yasnaya Polyana in 1896 and, in Twenty Years at Hull-House (1910), weighed his ideal of bread labour against the work of the settlement. J. Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House (1910), “Tolstoyism”; SEP “Jane Addams”
依据: AI 草稿
简·亚当斯 › 1860–1935
莫罕达斯·甘地

影响了 ✓
Gandhi said Tolstoy’s The Kingdom of God Is Within You overwhelmed him; he published Tolstoy’s ‘Letter to a Hindu’ (1909) and named Tolstoy Farm after him (1910). M. K. Gandhi, An Autobiography (1927–29); M. Green, Tolstoy and Gandhi, Men of Peace (1983)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
莫罕达斯·甘地 › 1869–1948
路德维希·维特根斯坦

影响了
During the war Wittgenstein carried Tolstoy’s Gospel in Brief, bought in Galicia (1914); biographers link it to the ethical-mystical close of the Tractatus (1921). B. McGuinness, Wittgenstein: A Life. Young Ludwig 1889–1921 (1988); R. Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius (1990); L. Wittgenstein, Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung (1921)
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
路德维希·维特根斯坦 › 1889–1951

批评

受批评于 2

弗拉基米尔·索洛维约夫

受其批评
Solovyov’s Three Conversations (1900) attacked Tolstoy’s doctrine of non-resistance to evil, which Solovyov held leaves the innocent defenceless and keeps Christ’s morality without his resurrection. V. Solovyov, Tri razgovora (1900), Preface and Third Conversation
依据: AI 草稿
弗拉基米尔·索洛维约夫 › 1853–1900
列夫·舍斯托夫

受其批评
In The Good in the Teaching of Tolstoy and Nietzsche (1900) Shestov argued that Tolstoy’s moral preaching made the good a substitute for God, a refuge from despair. L. Shestov, Dobro v uchenii gr. Tolstogo i F. Nitshe (1900)
依据: AI 草稿
列夫·舍斯托夫 › 1866–1938

作品

1894天国在你心中
作为无政府主义的基督教非暴力。

立场

Tolstoy’s Confession describes how fame, wealth and family could not answer the question of what remains of life once death is faced. He found the answer in the faith of simple people and in the Sermon on the Mount, read as a practical rule of life: love your enemy and do not resist evil with force. From this he drew far-reaching consequences – rejection of the state, the army, courts and private property, a kind of Christian anarchism, as well as a simple life of physical work. In What Is Art? he judged art by whether it unites people in shared feeling. His ethic of non-violence decisively influenced Gandhi.

生平与背景

Born into the nobility on the estate of Yasnaya Polyana, Tolstoy served as an officer in the Crimean War and became world-famous with War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Around 1880 a crisis of meaning, which he described in A Confession, led him to a radical, undogmatic Christianity. He was excommunicated by the Orthodox Church and died in 1910 at a remote railway station after leaving home.