هنري ديفيد ثورو
عِش ببساطة وقرب الطبيعة، وارفض طاعة القوانين الظالمة، ولو كلّفك ذلك السجن.
التموضع
«والدن» والعصيان المدني: عيش بسيط ومقاومة للقوانين الجائرة.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- العصيان المدني
- العيش البسيط
التأثير
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رالف والدو إمرسون
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Thoreau, Emerson’s protégé, took up his ideals of self-reliance and of nature as spirit (Nature, 1836) and tested them at Walden Pond on Emerson’s land (Walden, 1854). R. W. Emerson, Nature (1836); “Self-Reliance” (1841); H. D. Thoreau, Walden (1854); SEP “Henry David Thoreau”
رالف والدو إمرسون › 1803–1882
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ليو تولستوي
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Tolstoy read Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience (1849) in the 1890s, found in it support for refusing obedience to unjust state demands, and urged a Russian translation. H. D. Thoreau, “Resistance to Civil Government” (1849); L. N. Tolstoy, letters to V. G. Chertkov (1890s)
ليو تولستوي › 1828–1910
مهاتما غاندي
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Gandhi read Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience in South Africa around 1907 and printed extracts in Indian Opinion, while insisting his resistance had begun before. G. Hendrick, “The Influence of Thoreau’s ‘Civil Disobedience’ on Gandhi’s Satyagraha”, New England Quarterly 29 (1956); M. K. Gandhi, letter to P. Kodanda Rao (1935)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
مهاتما غاندي › 1869–1948
مارتن لوثر كينغ الابن
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King recalled that Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience, read at Morehouse College, was his first contact with the theory of nonviolent resistance (Stride Toward Freedom, 1958). M. L. King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom (1958), “Pilgrimage to Nonviolence”; H. D. Thoreau, “Resistance to Civil Government” (1849)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
مارتن لوثر كينغ الابن › 1929–1968
الأعمال
- 1849العصيان المدني
في ظل حكومة تسجن أي أحد ظلمًا، يكون المكان الحق للرجل العادل هو السجن أيضًا.
- 1854والدن
عامان في كوخ عند بركة: أردتُ أن أعيش عن قصد.
الموقف
Thoreau tested Transcendentalist ideas in his own life. At Walden Pond he wanted to “live deliberately”, to reduce life to its essentials and to discover how little one truly needs. Walden is both an account of that experiment and a critique of a society in which most people “lead lives of quiet desperation” in pursuit of possessions. In his essay on civil disobedience he argued that conscience stands above the law: when the state commits injustice, such as supporting slavery, the just person must refuse to cooperate, even at the cost of prison. Gandhi and Martin Luther King drew on this essay, and Walden became a classic of environmental thought.
الحياة والسياق
Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts, studied at Harvard and became a friend and protégé of Emerson. From 1845 to 1847 he lived in a self-built cabin on Walden Pond on Emerson’s land. He spent a night in jail for refusing to pay a tax that would support slavery and the war against Mexico, and he was a committed abolitionist.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849)
- Civil Disobedience (1849)
- Walden (1854)
- A Plea for Captain John Brown (1859)
- Life Without Principle (1863)
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