亨利·戴维·梭罗
简朴地生活，贴近自然，并拒绝服从不正义的法律，即使这意味着坐牢。
定位
《瓦尔登湖》与公民不服从：简朴的生活，以及对不公正法律的抵抗。
核心思想
- 公民不服从
- 简朴生活
影响
受影响于 1
拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生
受其影响 ✓
Thoreau, Emerson’s protégé, took up his ideals of self-reliance and of nature as spirit (Nature, 1836) and tested them at Walden Pond on Emerson’s land (Walden, 1854). R. W. Emerson, Nature (1836); “Self-Reliance” (1841); H. D. Thoreau, Walden (1854); SEP “Henry David Thoreau”
拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 › 1803–1882
影响了 3
列夫·托尔斯泰
影响了 ✓
Tolstoy read Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience (1849) in the 1890s, found in it support for refusing obedience to unjust state demands, and urged a Russian translation. H. D. Thoreau, “Resistance to Civil Government” (1849); L. N. Tolstoy, letters to V. G. Chertkov (1890s)
列夫·托尔斯泰 › 1828–1910
莫罕达斯·甘地
影响了 ✓
Gandhi read Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience in South Africa around 1907 and printed extracts in Indian Opinion, while insisting his resistance had begun before. G. Hendrick, “The Influence of Thoreau’s ‘Civil Disobedience’ on Gandhi’s Satyagraha”, New England Quarterly 29 (1956); M. K. Gandhi, letter to P. Kodanda Rao (1935)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
莫罕达斯·甘地 › 1869–1948
马丁·路德·金
影响了 ✓
King recalled that Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience, read at Morehouse College, was his first contact with the theory of nonviolent resistance (Stride Toward Freedom, 1958). M. L. King Jr., Stride Toward Freedom (1958), “Pilgrimage to Nonviolence”; H. D. Thoreau, “Resistance to Civil Government” (1849)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
马丁·路德·金 › 1929–1968
作品
- 1849对公民政府的抵抗（公民不服从）
在一个无理监禁任何人的政府之下，正义者真正的位置也是监狱。
- 1854瓦尔登湖
在湖畔小屋里的两年：我希望生活得从容有意。
立场
Thoreau tested Transcendentalist ideas in his own life. At Walden Pond he wanted to “live deliberately”, to reduce life to its essentials and to discover how little one truly needs. Walden is both an account of that experiment and a critique of a society in which most people “lead lives of quiet desperation” in pursuit of possessions. In his essay on civil disobedience he argued that conscience stands above the law: when the state commits injustice, such as supporting slavery, the just person must refuse to cooperate, even at the cost of prison. Gandhi and Martin Luther King drew on this essay, and Walden became a classic of environmental thought.
生平与背景
Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts, studied at Harvard and became a friend and protégé of Emerson. From 1845 to 1847 he lived in a self-built cabin on Walden Pond on Emerson’s land. He spent a night in jail for refusing to pay a tax that would support slavery and the war against Mexico, and he was a committed abolitionist.
其他主要作品
- A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849)
- Civil Disobedience (1849)
- Walden (1854)
- A Plea for Captain John Brown (1859)
- Life Without Principle (1863)
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