列夫·舍斯托夫

作品

• 1903陀思妥耶夫斯基与尼采：悲剧哲学

  把地下室人和尼采读作一场悲剧的见证者，这场悲剧是任何伦理与理性都无法慰藉的。

• 1938雅典与耶路撒冷

  舍斯托夫的总结之作，1938年首先以法文出版：从希腊哲学到康德与黑格尔的传统甚至让上帝服从理性与必然性，他以凡事都能的圣经信仰与之对抗。

立场

Shestov is on the map as a philosopher who turned against the authority of reason itself. His early books read Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and Nietzsche as witnesses of experiences – suffering, ugliness, despair – that no ethics or system can explain away. Later he formulated his opposition as “Athens and Jerusalem”: Greek philosophy and its heirs from Aristotle to Spinoza, Kant, Hegel and Husserl submit even God to necessity and self-evident truths, while biblical faith, as in Job, Abraham or Luther, demands the impossible and refuses to accept that what has happened cannot be undone. In his friendship and argument with Husserl he treated phenomenology as the purest form of the rationalism he opposed; it was Husserl who directed him to Kierkegaard, whom he then read as an ally. Albert Camus, in “The Myth of Sisyphus” (1942), counted him among the existential thinkers who escape the absurd by a leap into faith and so commit “philosophical suicide”. Fondane and Cioran took up his line of thought. Critics have asked whether a philosophy against reason can still argue; Shestov did not claim to offer a system and accepted the paradox. His work draws on the Hebrew Bible and on Christian authors alike and fits no single confession.

生平与背景

Lev Shestov, born Yehuda Leib Schwarzmann, was born in Kyiv on 12 February 1866 (31 January Old Style), the son of a Jewish textile merchant. He studied mathematics and then law in Moscow and Kyiv and graduated in law in 1889; his dissertation on labour legislation was not accepted. For years he helped run his father’s business in Kyiv, while spending long periods abroad; in Rome he married Anna Berezovskaya, a marriage he long kept from his father. His first book, on Shakespeare and his critic Georg Brandes, appeared in 1898 under the pen name Shestov, followed by studies of Tolstoy and Nietzsche (1900), Dostoevsky and Nietzsche (1903) and “The Apotheosis of Groundlessness” (1905). He lived in Switzerland from 1908 to 1914, then in Moscow, and in 1918–19 lectured in Kyiv. In 1919–20 he left via Crimea and Constantinople, and from 1921 lived in Paris, where he lectured on Russian and Greek philosophy at the Russian courses attached to the Sorbonne and met Edmund Husserl in 1928. His friends included the poet Benjamin Fondane, Georges Bataille, who co-translated one of his books, and Nikolai Berdyaev. He died in Paris in November 1938.

其他主要作品

• Shakespeare and His Critic Brandes (Shekspir i ego kritik Brandes, 1898)
• The Good in the Teaching of Tolstoy and Nietzsche (Dobro v uchenii gr. Tolstogo i F. Nitshe, 1900)
• Dostoevsky and Nietzsche: The Philosophy of Tragedy (Dostoevskii i Nitshe. Filosofiia tragedii, 1903)
• The Apotheosis of Groundlessness (Apofeoz bespochvennosti, 1905)
• Kierkegaard and Existential Philosophy (Kierkegaard et la philosophie existentielle, 1936)
• Athens and Jerusalem (Afiny i Ierusalim, 1938)