安迪·克拉克

立场

Clark is a leading advocate of the view that cognition is embodied, embedded and extended. “Being There”, drawing on robotics and developmental psychology as well as on Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty, argued that minds evolved not to build detailed inner models of the world but to guide action, letting the body and the environment do part of the work. “The Extended Mind”, written with David Chalmers, argued that when an external resource plays the same role as an inner process – Otto’s notebook standing in for Inga’s biological memory – it is literally part of the mind. “Natural-Born Cyborgs” holds that humans have always been cyborgs, creatures whose thinking incorporates tools, from writing to smartphones. His later work champions predictive processing: the brain is fundamentally a prediction machine that constantly anticipates incoming signals and learns from its errors, so that perception is a kind of controlled hallucination checked by the senses, and action a way of making predictions come true. “The Experience Machine” draws out what this means for pain, placebo effects, mental health and self-knowledge.

生平与背景

Andy Clark (born 1957 in London) studied at the University of Stirling, where he took his doctorate in 1984. He taught at Glasgow and Sussex, directed the Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology programme at Washington University in St. Louis from 1993 and the cognitive science programme at Indiana University from 2002, and in 2004 became professor of logic and metaphysics at the University of Edinburgh. Since 2019 he has been professor of cognitive philosophy at the University of Sussex. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and in 2025 he received the inaugural Dennett Prize.

主要作品

• Microcognition (1989)
• Being There (1997)
• The Extended Mind (with David Chalmers, 1998)
• Natural-Born Cyborgs (2003)
• Supersizing the Mind (2008)
• Surfing Uncertainty (2016)
• The Experience Machine (2023)

出现在

• 争论 ‘机器能思考或感受吗？’