费迪南·德·索绪尔

Agora

费迪南·德·索绪尔

1857–1913

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

词语的意义不是来自它们所命名的事物，而是来自它们与语言中所有其他词语的差异。

定位

结构主义与后结构主义 · 西欧 · 语言

常被视为现代语言学的奠基者：语言是符号之间差异的系统。

核心思想

能指与所指
语言与言语（langue / parole）
符号的任意性

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影响

影响了 6

雅克·拉康

影响了 ✓
Lacan inverted Saussure’s sign, placing the signifier over the signified and giving it primacy, so that meaning slides along chains of signifiers (‘L’instance de la lettre’, 1957). J. Lacan, “L’instance de la lettre dans l’inconscient ou la raison depuis Freud” (1957), in Écrits (1966); F. de Saussure, Cours de linguistique générale (1916); SEP “Jacques Lacan”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
雅克·拉康 › 1901–1981
克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯

影响了 ✓
After meeting Jakobson in New York, Lévi-Strauss took structural linguistics after Saussure as the model for anthropology, analysing kinship as a system of differences (Word, 1945). C. Lévi-Strauss, “L’analyse structurale en linguistique et en anthropologie”, Word 1 (1945), in Anthropologie structurale (1958); Les structures élémentaires de la parenté (1949)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯 › 1908–2009
莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂

影响了 ✓
Merleau-Ponty took Saussure’s diacritical sign, meaningful only through differences from other signs, into his phenomenology of expression (‘Le langage indirect et les voix du silence’, 1952). M. Merleau-Ponty, “Le langage indirect et les voix du silence” (1952), in Signes (1960); La prose du monde (written 1951–52; publ. 1969); SEP “Maurice Merleau-Ponty”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂 › 1908–1961
罗兰·巴特

影响了 ✓
Barthes applied Saussure’s signifier and signified to myth as a second-order sign system (Mythologies, 1957) and systematised his concepts for a general semiology (1964). R. Barthes, Mythologies (1957); Éléments de sémiologie (1964); F. de Saussure, Cours de linguistique générale (1916)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
罗兰·巴特 › 1915–1980
阿尔吉达斯·朱利安·格雷马斯

影响了
Greimas extended Saussure’s principle that meaning arises from differences, via Hjelmslev, to semantics, breaking meaning down into semes and isotopies (Sémantique structurale, 1966). A. J. Greimas, Sémantique structurale (1966); F. de Saussure, Cours de linguistique générale (1916)
依据: AI 草稿
阿尔吉达斯·朱利安·格雷马斯 › 1917–1992
尤里·洛特曼

影响了
Lotman applied Saussure’s distinction of language and speech to literature, describing art as a secondary modelling system built on natural language (Struktura chudožestvennogo teksta, 1970). Ju. M. Lotman, Struktura chudožestvennogo teksta (1970); Lekcii po struktural’noj poėtike (1964)
依据: AI 草稿
尤里·洛特曼 › 1922–1993

批评

受批评于 1

雅克·德里达

受其批评
Derrida argued in Of Grammatology (1967) that Saussure banishes writing as a mere image of speech, although his principle of difference without positive terms implies a general writing. J. Derrida, De la grammatologie (1967), part I, ch. 2 “Linguistique et grammatologie”; F. de Saussure, Cours de linguistique générale (1916), introduction, ch. VI
依据: AI 草稿
雅克·德里达 › 1930–2004

作品

1916普通语言学教程
在他去世后，由夏尔·巴利和阿尔贝·薛施蔼根据学生听他日内瓦讲课（1907—1911年）的笔记编成：语言符号是任意的；语言是一个差异系统。

立场

Saussure is often regarded as the founder of modern linguistics: he shifted attention from the history of words to language as a system at a given moment. He distinguished language as a shared system (langue) from individual speaking (parole). The linguistic sign unites a sound image (signifier) with a concept (signified), and their connection is arbitrary: nothing about the sound “tree” resembles a tree. Above all, signs have no positive content on their own; they gain their value only through their differences from other signs in the system. “In language there are only differences.” This idea became the model for structuralism in anthropology, literary theory and psychoanalysis, and later the starting point of poststructuralist critique.

生平与背景

Saussure was born in Geneva in 1857 and studied in Leipzig with the leading historical linguists of his time. At twenty-one he published a study of the Indo-European vowel system that is still cited. After teaching in Paris he returned to Geneva, where he lectured on general linguistics from 1907 to 1911. The Course was compiled after his death from students’ notes.