桑德拉·哈丁

Agora

桑德拉·哈丁

1935–2025

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

所有知识都始于一个社会位置，而从被边缘化者的生活出发的研究，更客观，而不是更不客观。

定位

自然科学与人文科学 · 北美 · 科学, 认识论, 社会与历史, 性别与女性主义

科学哲学家：知识从一个社会位置出发，而从被边缘化者的生活出发开展研究，会得到“强客观性”——比“无处的观点”更严格，而不是更不严格。

核心思想

立场认识论
强客观性
后殖民科学研究

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影响

受影响于 4

卡尔·马克思

受其影响
Harding modelled the feminist standpoint on Marx’s analysis of how a social position, that of labour, enables knowledge hidden from the ruling class (Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?, 1991). S. Harding, Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking from Women’s Lives (1991); The Science Question in Feminism (1986); SEP “Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science”
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
格奥尔格·卢卡奇

受其影响
Harding drew on Lukács’s claim that the proletariat’s position allows insight closed to the bourgeoisie as a model for feminist standpoint theory (The Science Question in Feminism, 1986). S. Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (1986); G. Lukács, Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein (1923); SEP “Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science”
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·卢卡奇 › 1885–1971
托马斯·S. 库恩

受其影响
Harding built on the post-Kuhnian view that scientific knowledge is shaped by its historical and social setting to ask about androcentric bias (The Science Question in Feminism, 1986). S. Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (1986); T. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962); SEP “Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science”
依据: AI 草稿
托马斯·S. 库恩 › 1922–1996
多萝西·E. 史密斯

受其影响
Harding drew on Dorothy Smith’s sociology from women’s standpoint in developing feminist standpoint epistemology for the sciences (The Science Question in Feminism, 1986; Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?, 1991). S. Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (1986); Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? (1991); S. Harding (ed.), The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader (2004); D. E. Smith, The Everyday World as Problematic (1987); SEP “Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science”
依据: AI 草稿
多萝西·E. 史密斯 › 1926–2022

影响了 2

帕特里夏·希尔·柯林斯

影响了
In Black Feminist Thought (1990) Collins related her epistemology to the standpoint theories surveyed by Harding (The Science Question in Feminism, 1986), grounding it in Black women’s experience. P. H. Collins, Black Feminist Thought (1990); S. Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (1986); SEP “Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science”
依据: AI 草稿
帕特里夏·希尔·柯林斯 › 1948年生
乌玛·纳拉扬

影响了
Narayan co-edited with Harding a collection that carried feminist epistemology and philosophy into postcolonial and multicultural perspectives (Decentering the Center, 2000). U. Narayan and S. Harding (eds.), Decentering the Center: Philosophy for a Multicultural, Postcolonial, and Feminist World (2000)
依据: AI 草稿
乌玛·纳拉扬 › 1958年生

批评

受批评于 1

唐娜·哈拉维

受其批评
Haraway answered Harding’s framing of feminist standpoint theory and ‘successor science’ with ‘situated knowledges’, a partial and embodied objectivity (Feminist Studies, 1988). D. Haraway, ‘Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective’, Feminist Studies 14 (1988); S. Harding, The Science Question in Feminism, 1986
依据: AI 草稿
唐娜·哈拉维 › 1944年生

作品

1986女性主义中的科学问题
女性主义经验论、立场理论和后现代主义，作为通向一种较少扭曲的科学的三条路径。
1991谁的科学？谁的知识？
强客观性：从边缘化的生活出发开展研究，会使科学更客观，而不是更不客观。

立场

Harding’s “The Science Question in Feminism” distinguished three feminist responses to the sciences: feminist empiricism, which holds that sexism in science is bad science to be corrected by better method; standpoint theory, which holds that the perspective of the oppressed offers a less distorted view; and postmodernism, which doubts any unitary account. She developed the second, drawing on Marx’s and Lukács’s idea that the proletariat sees what the bourgeoisie cannot. The result is “strong objectivity”: because all knowledge is socially situated, objectivity is achieved not by pretending to a view from nowhere but by starting research from the lives of marginalised people, whose questions expose assumptions invisible from the centre.

生平与背景

Sandra Harding (1935–2025) studied at Rutgers and New York University, where she took her doctorate in 1973, taught at the University of Delaware from 1976 and then at the University of California, Los Angeles, where she was professor of education and women’s studies. She edited the journal Signs, consulted for UNESCO on science and gender, and lectured widely on feminist and postcolonial philosophy of science. She died in 2025.