米哈伊尔·巴枯宁
在巴枯宁看来，只要人们之上还有国家或教会，自由就不可能——而一个革命的国家只会制造出新的主人。
定位
俄国革命家，第一国际中马克思的大对手：自由只有在没有国家、没有上帝的情况下才有可能；“无产阶级专政”会变成新精英的统治。
核心思想
- 反对国家与教会的自由
- 对无产阶级专政的批判
- “破坏的激情就是创造的激情”
影响
受影响于 4
约翰·哥特利布·费希特
受其影响
In his Moscow years Bakunin translated Fichte’s lectures on the vocation of the scholar (1794) into Russian (1836) and passed through a Fichtean idealism before turning to Hegel. J. G. Fichte, Einige Vorlesungen über die Bestimmung des Gelehrten (1794), Russian tr. M. Bakunin (1836); E. H. Carr, Michael Bakunin (1937); A. Kelly, Mikhail Bakunin (1982)
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·哥特利布·费希特 › 1762–1814
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
受其影响 ✓
In ‘The Reaction in Germany’ (1842) Bakunin turned Hegel’s dialectic into a philosophy of negation, ending: ‘the passion for destruction is a creative passion, too’. M. Bakunin (as Jules Elysard), “Die Reaction in Deutschland”, Deutsche Jahrbücher (1842); E. H. Carr, Michael Bakunin (1937)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
路德维希·费尔巴哈
受其影响 ✓
Bakunin took up Feuerbach’s critique of religion as the projection of human qualities onto God and turned it against the state (God and the State, 1882). M. Bakunin, Dieu et l’État (written 1871, publ. 1882); P. McLaughlin, Mikhail Bakunin: The Philosophical Basis of His Theory of Anarchism (2002)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
路德维希·费尔巴哈 › 1804–1872
皮埃尔-约瑟夫·蒲鲁东
受其影响 ✓
Bakunin, who knew Proudhon in Paris in the 1840s, took up his anti-statism and federalism but joined them to collective ownership (Statism and Anarchy, 1873). M. Bakunin, Gosudarstvennost’ i anarkhiia (Statism and Anarchy, 1873); P. McLaughlin, Mikhail Bakunin (2002); SEP “Anarchism”
皮埃尔-约瑟夫·蒲鲁东 › 1809–1865
影响了 2
彼得·克鲁泡特金
影响了 ✓
Converted to anarchism among the Bakuninist Jura watchmakers (1872), Kropotkin kept Bakunin’s anti-statism but replaced his collectivism with anarchist communism (The Conquest of Bread, 1892). P. Kropotkin, Memoirs of a Revolutionist (1899); La Conquête du pain (1892); SEP “Anarchism”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
彼得·克鲁泡特金 › 1842–1921
艾玛·戈德曼
影响了 ✓
Goldman took from Bakunin the view that the state and organised religion keep people dependent and a free society rests on voluntary association (Anarchism and Other Essays, 1910). E. Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays (1910); Living My Life (1931); M. Bakunin, Dieu et l’État (1882)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata
艾玛·戈德曼 › 1869–1940
批评
批评了 2
朱塞佩·马志尼
批评了
Bakunin answered Mazzini’s condemnation of the Paris Commune and the International by attacking his ‘political theology’ of God, duty and nation (La théologie politique de Mazzini, 1871). M. Bakunin, La théologie politique de Mazzini et l’Internationale (1871)
依据: AI 草稿
朱塞佩·马志尼 › 1805–1872
卡尔·马克思
批评了
Bakunin warned that Marx’s workers’ state and ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’ would produce a new privileged minority of former workers ruling over the masses (Statism and Anarchy, 1873). M. Bakunin, Gosudarstvennost’ i anarkhiya (Statism and Anarchy, 1873); K. Marx, Conspectus of Bakunin’s Statism and Anarchy (1874–75; MECW 24)
依据: AI 草稿
卡尔·马克思 › 1818–1883
作品
- 1873国家制度与无政府状态
反对马克思和德国社会民主党人：工人国家将由前工人和学者组成的特权少数统治。
- 1882上帝与国家
身后出版的残篇：信仰上帝意味着人的奴役——“如果上帝真的存在，就有必要废除他”。
立场
Bakunin began as a left Hegelian: his essay of 1842 ends with the line that “the passion for destruction is a creative passion, too”. From the 1860s he developed a collectivist anarchism. Freedom is not the property of the isolated individual; it grows in society and exists only when all are free. The state and the church are the two great powers that keep people under tutelage, and God and the State reverses Voltaire: “if God really existed, it would be necessary to abolish him.” Against Marx he argued that the conquest of state power by a workers’ party would not abolish domination but hand it to a new minority of former workers and scientific experts; in Statism and Anarchy (1873) he warned against the rule of “scholars” in the name of the people. The quarrel with Marx was personal as well as theoretical, and in texts of 1869–1872 written during it, such as a reply to Moses Hess intended for the Paris paper Le Réveil, he depicted Jews as a nation of exploiters and tied Marx’s politics to his Jewish origin. Historians disagree about how central these views were to his thought. His collaboration with Sergei Nechayev in 1869–70 and the Catechism of a Revolutionary, whose authorship is disputed, have also coloured his reputation.
生平与背景
Mikhail Bakunin was born in 1814 on his family’s estate at Pryamukhino in Tver province. He trained at the artillery school in St Petersburg, left the army in 1835 and in Moscow became one of the leading Russian readers of Fichte and Hegel. In 1840 he went to Berlin, and in 1842 published “The Reaction in Germany” under a pseudonym. In Paris in the 1840s he befriended Proudhon and met Marx. He fought in the uprisings of Prague in 1848 and Dresden in 1849, was twice sentenced to death, handed over to Russia and held in the Peter and Paul and Shlisselburg fortresses, where he wrote a Confession for the Tsar. Exiled to Siberia in 1857, he escaped in 1861 via Japan and the United States. He joined the First International in 1868, was expelled at the Hague Congress in 1872 and died in Bern in 1876.
其他主要作品
- The Reaction in Germany (1842)
- Confession (1851, published 1921)
- Federalism, Socialism and Anti-Theologism (1867)
- The Knouto-Germanic Empire and the Social Revolution (1870–71)
- Statism and Anarchy (1873)
- God and the State (published 1882)
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