克律西波斯

Agora

克律西波斯

约公元前279—前206年年

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

一切都由命运通过一条不间断的因果链而发生——但并不出于必然，我们的赞同仍然是我们自己的，所以我们要负责。他还赋予了斯多亚命题逻辑经典而系统的形式。

定位

希腊化时期、罗马与古代晚期哲学 · 西亚与北非 · 逻辑学, 伦理学

斯多葛学派的第二位奠基人；把斯多葛逻辑发展为一种早期的命题逻辑。

核心思想

命题逻辑
决定论与责任

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影响

受影响于 1

基提翁的芝诺

受其影响
Chrysippus defended and systematised the Stoicism founded by Zeno, especially its logic and theory of knowledge; hence the saying ‘without Chrysippus there would be no Stoa’. Diogenes Laertius VII.179–183; IEP “Chrysippus”; SEP “Stoicism”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
基提翁的芝诺 › 约公元前334—前262年年

影响了 4

西塞罗

影响了
Cicero set out and examined Chrysippus’ attempt to reconcile fate with human assent, including the analogy of the rolling cylinder, in De fato (44 BCE). Cicero, De fato 39–45; IEP “Chrysippus”
依据: AI 草稿
西塞罗 › 公元前106—前43年
亚历山大的斐洛

影响了
Philo used Stoic doctrines as systematised by Chrysippus, such as the grades of pneuma as cohesion, nature and soul, in his allegorical reading of Scripture. Philo, Quod Deus sit immutabilis; Legum allegoriae II; IEP “Philo of Alexandria”
依据: AI 草稿
亚历山大的斐洛 › 约公元前20年—公元50年年
塞涅卡

影响了
Seneca followed Chrysippus in treating anger as assent to a judgement and distinguished involuntary ‘first movements’ that precede assent (De ira II.1–4). Seneca, De ira II.1–4; De beneficiis I.3–4 (on Chrysippus’ Graces); R. Sorabji, Emotion and Peace of Mind (2000); SEP “Seneca”
依据: AI 草稿
塞涅卡 › 约公元前4年—公元65年年
爱比克泰德

影响了
Epictetus treated Chrysippus as the authoritative Stoic teacher but insisted that progress lies in living by his doctrine, not in expounding his books (Discourses I.4, I.17). Arrian, Discourses of Epictetus I.4, I.17; SEP “Epictetus”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
爱比克泰德 › 约50–135年

批评

受批评于 2

卡涅阿德斯

受其批评
Carneades attacked Chrysippus’ ‘kataleptic’ impression, arguing that any true impression could have an indistinguishable false twin; he said that he himself would be nothing without Chrysippus. Cicero, Academica II.40–42, 83–90; Diogenes Laertius 4.62; SEP “Carneades”
依据: AI 草稿
卡涅阿德斯 › 约公元前214—前129年年
塞克斯都·恩披里柯

受其批评
Sextus Empiricus turned Chrysippus’ Stoic logic against itself, contesting the criterion of truth, proof and the indicative sign (Outlines of Pyrrhonism II; Against the Logicians). Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism II.14–192; Adversus mathematicos VII–VIII; SEP “Sextus Empiricus”
依据: AI 草稿
塞克斯都·恩披里柯 › 约160–210年

立场

Chrysippus gave Stoicism its systematic form and defended it against the sceptics of the Academy. In logic he developed a propositional logic of conditionals and inference schemes that was rediscovered and properly appreciated only in the twentieth century. In physics he defended a strict determinism of fate, yet argued that our assent remains our own: a cylinder rolls because it is pushed, but how it rolls depends on its own shape. In ethics he analysed the passions as mistaken judgements. Most later Stoicism, including that of the Roman Stoics, builds on his doctrines.

生平与背景

Chrysippus came from Soli in Cilicia, studied in Athens under Cleanthes and succeeded him as head of the Stoic school around 230 BCE. He was enormously productive – ancient sources credit him with more than seven hundred books – but nearly all of them are lost. A saying went: “Without Chrysippus, there would be no Stoa.”