خريسيبوس
كل شيء يحدث بالقدر، عبر سلسلة غير منقطعة من الأسباب – لكن لا بالضرورة، وموافقتنا تبقى لنا، ولذلك نحن مسؤولون. وهو من أعطى منطق القضايا الرواقي صورته الكلاسيكية المنهجية.
التموضع
المؤسس الثاني للرواقية؛ نظّم المنطق الرواقي بوصفه منطقًا مبكرًا للقضايا.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- منطق القضايا
- الحتمية والمسؤولية
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 1
زينون الرواقي
تأثّر بـ
Chrysippus defended and systematised the Stoicism founded by Zeno, especially its logic and theory of knowledge; hence the saying ‘without Chrysippus there would be no Stoa’. Diogenes Laertius VII.179–183; IEP “Chrysippus”; SEP “Stoicism”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
زينون الرواقي › نحو 334–262 ق.م
أثّر في 4
شيشرون
أثّر في
Cicero set out and examined Chrysippus’ attempt to reconcile fate with human assent, including the analogy of the rolling cylinder, in De fato (44 BCE). Cicero, De fato 39–45; IEP “Chrysippus”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
شيشرون › 106–43 ق.م
فيلون السكندري
أثّر في
Philo used Stoic doctrines as systematised by Chrysippus, such as the grades of pneuma as cohesion, nature and soul, in his allegorical reading of Scripture. Philo, Quod Deus sit immutabilis; Legum allegoriae II; IEP “Philo of Alexandria”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فيلون السكندري › نحو 20 ق.م – 50 م
لوكيوس سينيكا
أثّر في
Seneca followed Chrysippus in treating anger as assent to a judgement and distinguished involuntary ‘first movements’ that precede assent (De ira II.1–4). Seneca, De ira II.1–4; De beneficiis I.3–4 (on Chrysippus’ Graces); R. Sorabji, Emotion and Peace of Mind (2000); SEP “Seneca”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
لوكيوس سينيكا › نحو 4 ق.م – 65 م
إبكتيتوس
أثّر في
Epictetus treated Chrysippus as the authoritative Stoic teacher but insisted that progress lies in living by his doctrine, not in expounding his books (Discourses I.4, I.17). Arrian, Discourses of Epictetus I.4, I.17; SEP “Epictetus”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في InPhO · InPhO
إبكتيتوس › نحو 50–135
النقد
انتقده 2
كارنياديس
انتقده
Carneades attacked Chrysippus’ ‘kataleptic’ impression, arguing that any true impression could have an indistinguishable false twin; he said that he himself would be nothing without Chrysippus. Cicero, Academica II.40–42, 83–90; Diogenes Laertius 4.62; SEP “Carneades”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
كارنياديس › نحو 214–129 ق.م
سيكستوس إمبيريكوس
انتقده
Sextus Empiricus turned Chrysippus’ Stoic logic against itself, contesting the criterion of truth, proof and the indicative sign (Outlines of Pyrrhonism II; Against the Logicians). Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism II.14–192; Adversus mathematicos VII–VIII; SEP “Sextus Empiricus”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
سيكستوس إمبيريكوس › نحو 160–210
الموقف
Chrysippus gave Stoicism its systematic form and defended it against the sceptics of the Academy. In logic he developed a propositional logic of conditionals and inference schemes that was rediscovered and properly appreciated only in the twentieth century. In physics he defended a strict determinism of fate, yet argued that our assent remains our own: a cylinder rolls because it is pushed, but how it rolls depends on its own shape. In ethics he analysed the passions as mistaken judgements. Most later Stoicism, including that of the Roman Stoics, builds on his doctrines.
الحياة والسياق
Chrysippus came from Soli in Cilicia, studied in Athens under Cleanthes and succeeded him as head of the Stoic school around 230 BCE. He was enormously productive – ancient sources credit him with more than seven hundred books – but nearly all of them are lost. A saying went: “Without Chrysippus, there would be no Stoa.”
الأعمال الرئيسة
- Logical Investigations (fragments, c. 230 BCE)
- On the Passions (lost, c. 230 BCE)
يرد في
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