德尼·狄德罗
所有知识，包括手工匠人的知识，都应当被收集起来并向所有人开放——而且物质本身，只要组织得当，就能感觉和思考。
定位
《百科全书》（1751至1772年）的主编，唯物主义者：物质本身就能感觉、能思考；他的对话《拉摩的侄儿》和《达朗贝尔的梦》在他生前都没有出版。
核心思想
- 《百科全书》
- 有感觉的物质
- 《盲人书简》
- 《拉摩的侄儿》
影响
受影响于 3
弗朗西斯·培根
受其影响
Diderot credited Bacon in the Encyclopédie’s Prospectus (1750) and arranged its system of knowledge after Bacon’s division into memory, reason and imagination. D. Diderot, Prospectus de l’Encyclopédie (1750); Encyclopédie I (1751), Système figuré des connaissances humaines; SEP “Denis Diderot”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
弗朗西斯·培根 › 1561–1626
约翰·洛克
受其影响
Diderot’s Letter on the Blind (1749) took up Molyneux’s question from Locke’s Essay and asked, through the blind mathematician Saunderson, how ideas depend on the senses. D. Diderot, Lettre sur les aveugles à l’usage de ceux qui voient (1749); SEP “Denis Diderot”; SEP “Molyneux’s Problem”
依据: AI 草稿
约翰·洛克 › 1632–1704
沙夫茨伯里
受其影响
Diderot’s first philosophical publication was a free translation of Shaftesbury’s Inquiry concerning Virtue or Merit, with his own notes (Essai sur le mérite et la vertu, 1745). D. Diderot, Principes de la philosophie morale, ou Essai de M. S*** sur le mérite et la vertu (1745); SEP “Denis Diderot”
依据: AI 草稿
沙夫茨伯里 › 1671–1713
影响了 2
让-雅克·卢梭
影响了
Visiting the imprisoned Diderot at Vincennes in 1749, Rousseau was encouraged by him to answer the Dijon prize question (Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, 1750). J.-J. Rousseau, Les Confessions (1782–89); Discours sur les sciences et les arts (1750); SEP “Jean Jacques Rousseau”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
让-雅克·卢梭 › 1712–1778
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔
影响了
In the Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) Hegel used Diderot’s Rameau’s Nephew, known from Goethe’s translation (1805), as the image of the ‘disrupted’ consciousness of culture. G. W. F. Hegel, Phänomenologie des Geistes (1807), “Der sich entfremdete Geist; die Bildung”; D. Diderot, Rameaus Neffe, tr. J. W. Goethe (1805)
依据: AI 草稿
格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔 › 1770–1831
批评
批评了 1
乔治·贝克莱
批评了
In the Letter on the Blind (1749) Diderot called Berkeley’s idealism the most absurd of all systems, yet the hardest to combat. D. Diderot, Lettre sur les aveugles (1749); SEP “Denis Diderot”
依据: AI 草稿
乔治·贝克莱 › 1685–1753
作品
立场
The Encyclopédie, or Reasoned Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts, was meant to change the common way of thinking. Its articles, plates of workshops and cross-references gave the knowledge of artisans the same rank as that of scholars, and its system of knowledge followed Bacon’s division into memory, reason and imagination. Diderot himself wrote thousands of articles. Philosophically he moved from deism to an atheist materialism. The Letter on the Blind uses the case of the blind mathematician Saunderson to ask whether the order of nature proves a designer and discusses Molyneux’s problem from Locke. In D’Alembert’s Dream (1769) matter is sensitive, life and thought arise from its organisation, and species change over time. Rameau’s Nephew, a dialogue with a gifted and cynical parasite, leaves open who has the better of the argument; Hegel read it in Goethe’s translation and used it in the Phenomenology of Spirit as the image of a “disrupted” consciousness. In his Salons Diderot founded modern art criticism, and his anonymous contributions to the editions of 1774 and 1780 of Raynal’s History of the Two Indies attacked slavery and colonial rule.
生平与背景
Denis Diderot was born in 1713 in Langres in Champagne, the son of a master cutler. He was taught by the Jesuits in Langres, took his master’s degree in Paris in 1732 and then gave up both the Church and the law, living for years on translations and hack writing. His Philosophical Thoughts (1746) were condemned by the Paris parlement, and after the Letter on the Blind (1749) he was held at Vincennes from July to November 1749. From 1747 he edited the Encyclopédie, from 1759 without d’Alembert, until the last plates appeared in 1772. Catherine II of Russia bought his library, left it in his keeping and paid him as its librarian; he visited her in St Petersburg in 1773–74. He died in Paris in 1784.
其他主要作品
- Philosophical Thoughts (1746)
- Letter on the Blind (1749)
- Encyclopédie (ed., 1751–1772)
- Rameau’s Nephew (c. 1761–1774, published 1805)
- D’Alembert’s Dream (1769, published 1830)
- Contributions to Raynal’s History of the Two Indies (1774, 1780)
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