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Bacon published the Latin work in 1620 as the second part of his “Great Instauration”, a renewal of the sciences planned in six parts, most of which he never wrote. It consists of two books of aphorisms. Book I diagnoses obstacles to knowledge, above all the four “idols” of the mind: of the tribe, the cave, the marketplace and the theatre. Book II presents the new method: tables of presence, absence and degrees, through which a phenomenon such as heat is to be analysed, here as a kind of motion. The title page shows a ship sailing past the Pillars of Hercules, the traditional limit of the known world.

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• 工具论约公元前350年年 · 亚里士多德

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• 逻辑体系1843 · 约翰·斯图尔特·密尔