Charles W. Mills
Umowa społeczna nowoczesnej filozofii politycznej była w praktyce „umową rasową” między białymi – a teorie sprawiedliwości muszą stawić czoła tej historii zamiast ją ignorować.
Umiejscowienie
Filozof wychowany na Jamajce, pracujący w Northwestern i CUNY: umowa społeczna nowoczesnej filozofii politycznej była w istocie „umową rasową” między białymi – a teorie sprawiedliwości muszą skonfrontować się z białą supremacją i „białą ignorancją”.
Kluczowe idee
- Umowa rasowa
- Biała ignorancja
- Krytyka teorii idealnej
- Czarny radykalny liberalizm
Wpływ
Pod wpływem 4
Frederick Douglass
pod wpływem
Mills read Douglass’s Fourth of July speech (1852), with its antislavery reading of the Constitution, as a test of America’s liberal ideals (‘Whose Fourth of July?’, 1998). C. W. Mills, “Whose Fourth of July? Frederick Douglass and ‘Original Intent’”, in Blackness Visible (1998); F. Douglass, “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?” (1852)
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Frederick Douglass › 1818–1895
Karol Marks
pod wpływem
Mills wrote his doctorate on ideology in Marx and Engels (1985) and adapted historical materialism to race as a system of domination (From Class to Race, 2003). C. W. Mills, From Class to Race: Essays in White Marxism and Black Radicalism (2003); The Racial Contract (1997)
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Karol Marks › 1818–1883
W.E.B. Du Bois
pod wpływem
Mills took up Du Bois’s ‘color line’ as a global structure of white supremacy (The Racial Contract, 1997) and later read him as a ‘Black radical liberal’ (2018). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); “W. E. B. Du Bois: Black Radical Liberal”, in N. Bromell (ed.), A Political Companion to W. E. B. Du Bois (2018)
Źródło: szkic AI
W.E.B. Du Bois › 1868–1963
Carole Pateman
pod wpływem
Mills modelled The Racial Contract (1997) on Pateman’s The Sexual Contract, which he called its inspiration, and later wrote Contract and Domination with her (2007). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); C. Pateman, The Sexual Contract (1988); C. Pateman and C. W. Mills, Contract and Domination (2007)
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Carole Pateman › ur. 1940
Krytyka
Krytykuje 5
Thomas Hobbes
krytykuje
Mills noted that Hobbes, denying that the state of nature ever generally existed, located it among ‘the savage people in many places of America’ (The Racial Contract, 1997). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); T. Hobbes, Leviathan (1651), ch. 13
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Thomas Hobbes › 1588–1679
John Locke
krytykuje
Mills argued that Locke’s theory of property through labour let Native American land appear as vacant waste – part of a ‘racial contract’ (The Racial Contract, 1997). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); J. Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689), ch. V
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John Locke › 1632–1704
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
krytykuje
Mills argued that Rousseau’s ‘savages’ are always non-Europeans, and that his account of Europe’s lead through metallurgy and agriculture is historically inaccurate (The Racial Contract, 1997). C. W. Mills, The Racial Contract (1997); J.-J. Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité (1755), part II
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau › 1712–1778
Immanuel Kant
krytykuje
Mills argued that Kant’s theory of personhood, read together with his racial theory, in practice treated non-whites as ‘sub-persons’ (‘Kant’s Untermenschen’, 2005). C. W. Mills, “Kant’s Untermenschen”, in A. Valls (ed.), Race and Racism in Modern Philosophy (2005); Black Rights/White Wrongs (2017)
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Immanuel Kant › 1724–1804
John Rawls
krytykuje
Mills objected that Rawls’s ideal theory, assuming a well-ordered society, has little to say about racial injustice and its correction (Black Rights/White Wrongs, 2017). C. W. Mills, “‘Ideal Theory’ as Ideology”, Hypatia 20 (2005); “Rawls on Race/Race in Rawls”, Southern Journal of Philosophy 47 (2009); Black Rights/White Wrongs (2017)
Źródło: szkic AI
John Rawls › 1921–2002
Dzieła
Umowa społeczna nowoczesnej filozofii politycznej odczytana tak, jak działała w praktyce: porozumienie między białymi, które uczyniło osoby niebiałe mniej niż pełnymi osobami – podtrzymywane przez „epistemologię ignorancji”.
Stanowisko
“The Racial Contract” turned social-contract theory against itself. Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and Kant described a contract among free and equal persons; Mills argues that the real contract underlying modern European expansion was a “racial contract” among whites, which classified non-whites as less than full persons and legitimised conquest, slavery and segregation. The contract is not a metaphor for prejudice but a political system, “global white supremacy”, which mainstream political philosophy has passed over in silence. Part of it is an inverted “epistemology of ignorance”: a “white ignorance” that leaves those who benefit from domination unable to see it. In later work Mills criticised Rawls and his successors for their “ideal theory”, which assumes a well-ordered society and therefore has little to say about correcting historical injustice. His answer was not to abandon liberalism but to transform it into a “Black radical liberalism” that puts race and the legacy of racial domination at the centre of the question of justice.
Życie i kontekst
Charles W. Mills (1951–2021) was born in London and grew up in Kingston, Jamaica. He studied physics at the University of the West Indies and taught it in Jamaica before turning to philosophy at the University of Toronto, where he completed a doctorate on the concept of ideology in Marx and Engels in 1985. He taught at the University of Oklahoma and for seventeen years at the University of Illinois at Chicago, then at Northwestern University as John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy and, from 2016, as Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the CUNY Graduate Center in New York. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2017 and died of cancer in 2021.
Dalsze główne dzieła
- Blackness Visible (1998)
- From Class to Race (2003)
- Contract and Domination (with Carole Pateman, 2007)
- Black Rights/White Wrongs (2017)
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