मारियाने वेबर

कृतियाँ

• 1907विधि के विकास में पत्नी और माता

  आरंभिक समाजों से मिस्र, इज़राइल, इस्लाम, रोम और मध्यकालीन जर्मेनिक विधि से होकर आधुनिक संहिताओं तक पत्नियों और माताओं की विधिक स्थिति का इतिहास: वेबर आदि मातृ-अधिकार के सिद्धांतों की आलोचना करती हैं, तर्क देती हैं कि जर्मन नागरिक संहिता का विवाह-क़ानून पितृसत्तात्मक है और विवाह, तलाक़ और विवाहेतर यौन संबंधों की आलोचना पर समाप्त करती हैं।

• 1913स्त्री और वस्तुनिष्ठ संस्कृति

  पत्रिका लोगोस में ज़िमेल की “स्त्री संस्कृति” का उत्तर देता निबंध: वस्तुनिष्ठ संस्कृति रचने के लिए आवश्यक योग्यताएँ पुरुषों तक सीमित नहीं हैं, और स्त्रियों को क्या चाहना चाहिए यह स्त्री-पूर्णता के किसी पुरुष-आदर्श से निकाला नहीं जा सकता।

मत

Marianne Weber is on the map as one of the women among the founders of sociological theory and as a theorist of marriage and gender. “Ehefrau und Mutter in der Rechtsentwicklung” (1907) traces the legal position of wives and mothers from early societies through the ancient and medieval world to the modern codes. Against the theory, going back to Bachofen and spread by Engels and Bebel, that humanity began with a general stage of mother right, she argued that the evidence shows no such stage and that marriage law had largely been a law of patriarchal authority; the German Civil Code of 1900 still subordinated the wife in personal relations, parental authority and property. She called for legal equality within marriage and for equal rights for children born outside it, but rejected a right to abortion. In “Die Frau und die objektive Kultur” (1913) she answered Georg Simmel, who held that objective culture – science, law, art – is male in its very form and that women’s nature lies in an undivided inner wholeness: the abilities needed for objective culture, she replied, belong to both sexes, and what women ought to want cannot be derived from a male ideal of female perfection. Further essays on the women’s question were collected in “Frauenfragen und Frauengedanken” (1919). Her edition of Max Weber’s posthumous works and her biography of him (1926) shaped his reception for decades; P. M. Lengermann and J. Niebrugge-Brantley (1998) placed her own work among the founding contributions to sociology.

जीवन और संदर्भ

Marianne Schnitger was born on 2 August 1870 in Oerlinghausen in the Principality of Lippe. In 1893 she married Max Weber, with whom she moved to Freiburg in 1894 and to Heidelberg in 1896. Since women could not yet enrol, she studied philosophy and economics as a guest auditor and attended Heinrich Rickert’s lectures in Freiburg; her study “Fichte’s Sozialismus und sein Verhältnis zur Marx’schen Doktrin” appeared in 1900. She joined the board of the Federation of German Women’s Associations (BDF), set up a legal advice office for women in Heidelberg and in 1907 published her main work, “Ehefrau und Mutter in der Rechtsentwicklung”. In 1918 she was among the founders of the German Democratic Party; elected to the constituent assembly of Baden in 1919, she gave there the first speech by a woman in a German parliament. From 1919 to 1923 she chaired the BDF as Gertrud Bäumer’s successor. After Max Weber’s death in 1920 she edited his writings, among them “Economy and Society” (1921–22), received an honorary doctorate from the Heidelberg law faculty in 1922 and published “Max Weber: Ein Lebensbild” (1926). Her house in Heidelberg remained a meeting place for scholars, among them Karl Jaspers. She died in Heidelberg on 12 March 1954.

अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ

• Fichte’s Sozialismus und sein Verhältnis zur Marx’schen Doktrin (1900)
• Ehefrau und Mutter in der Rechtsentwicklung (1907)
• Die Frau und die objektive Kultur (Logos, 1913)
• Frauenfragen und Frauengedanken (essays, 1919)
• Max Weber: Ein Lebensbild (1926)
• Lebenserinnerungen (1948)