अलेक्ज़ांडर हर्ज़ेन
इतिहास किसी निर्धारित पटकथा का अनुसरण नहीं करता और उसका कोई ऐसा लक्ष्य नहीं जो जीवित लोगों की बलि को उचित ठहराए; स्वतंत्रता व्यक्ति के लिए यहीं और अभी जीती जानी चाहिए, और रूस का किसान-कम्यून समाजवाद का अपना मार्ग दे सकता है।
पृष्ठभूमि
रूसी लेखक और राजनीतिक विचारक जो 1847 में निर्वासित हुए, लंदन से मुक्त रूसी प्रेस “द बेल” का संपादन किया और 1848 की विफल क्रांतियों के बाद उन सभी इतिहास-दर्शनों के विरुद्ध व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता का बचाव किया जो जीवितों को भविष्य पर बलि चढ़ाते हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- मनुष्यों को इतिहास पर बलि चढ़ाने के विरुद्ध
- किसान-कम्यून पर आधारित रूसी समाजवाद
- निर्वासन में मुक्त रूसी प्रेस
- “मेरा अतीत और विचार”
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 3
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल
जिनसे प्रभावित
Herzen called Hegel’s philosophy ‘the algebra of revolution’ and argued in Dilettantism in Science (1842–43) that scientific thought must pass over into action. A. Herzen, Diletantizm v nauke (1842–43); Byloe i dumy (My Past and Thoughts, 1852–68); A. Walicki, A History of Russian Thought (1979)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
गेऑर्ग विल्हेल्म फ़्रीडरिश हेगल › 1770–1831
प्योत्र चादायेव
जिनसे प्रभावित
Herzen called Chaadaev’s first Philosophical Letter (1836) ‘a shot in the dark night’ and took up its question of Russia’s place in history (My Past and Thoughts). A. Herzen, Byloe i dumy (My Past and Thoughts, 1852–68); A. Walicki, A History of Russian Thought (1979)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
प्योत्र चादायेव › 1794–1856
पिएर जोसेफ प्रूधों
जिनसे प्रभावित
Herzen financed Proudhon’s paper La Voix du peuple (1849), portrayed him in My Past and Thoughts and shared his hope for a society free of state tutelage. A. Herzen, Byloe i dumy (My Past and Thoughts, 1852–68); A. Walicki, A History of Russian Thought (1979)
साक्ष्य: InPhO में भी · InPhO
पिएर जोसेफ प्रूधों › 1809–1865
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 1
आइज़ैया बर्लिन
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Berlin presented Herzen as a forerunner of pluralism who refused to sacrifice living people to historical abstractions (‘Herzen and Bakunin on Individual Liberty’, 1955; Russian Thinkers, 1978). I. Berlin, “Herzen and Bakunin on Individual Liberty” (1955); “Alexander Herzen” (1956); Russian Thinkers (1978)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
आइज़ैया बर्लिन › 1909–1997
कृतियाँ
- 1850दूसरे किनारे से
1848 की पराजय के बाद लिखे संवाद और निबंध: इतिहास की कोई पटकथा नहीं है, और कोई भावी लक्ष्य जीवित लोगों की बलि को उचित नहीं ठहराता।
1852 से 1868 तक लिखे संस्मरण, एक साथ आत्मकथा, रूसी और यूरोपीय बौद्धिक जीवन का चित्र और राजनीतिक चिंतन।
मत
Herzen is on the map as a political thinker of freedom. From Hegel, whose philosophy he called the “algebra of revolution”, and from French socialism, above all Proudhon, he took the hope of a free and just society. The defeat of 1848 led him in “From the Other Shore” to reject every philosophy of history that subordinates individuals to a goal, whether progress, the nation or the revolution: history improvises, and each generation is an end in itself. Disappointed with the European bourgeoisie, he placed his hope in the Russian peasant commune as the germ of a socialism that might spare Russia the stage of capitalism – the founding idea of Russian populism, as Andrzej Walicki has shown. Isaiah Berlin made Herzen known to English-speaking readers as a forerunner of pluralism and of his own critique of historical determinism. Herzen was no Marxist; his relations with Marx were hostile, and his late “Letters to an Old Comrade” (1869) warned Bakunin against a revolution that would destroy civilisation. Lenin claimed him in 1912 for the revolutionary tradition; critics have asked how far his commune socialism rested on an idealised picture of peasant life.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Alexander Herzen was born in Moscow on 6 April 1812, the illegitimate son of the wealthy nobleman Ivan Yakovlev and Luise Haag from Stuttgart; his father gave him the invented surname Herzen. As a youth he and his friend Nikolai Ogarev swore on the Sparrow Hills to devote their lives to the cause of the Decembrists. He studied at Moscow University from 1829 to 1833, was arrested in 1834 as a member of a student circle and spent the following years in exile in Perm, Vyatka and Vladimir, later in Novgorod. In the 1840s he wrote philosophical essays on Hegel and on natural science and the novel “Who Is to Blame?” (1846). In 1847 he left Russia with his family, never to return, and witnessed the revolution of 1848 and its defeat in Paris. After his mother and a son drowned in a shipwreck in 1851 and his wife Natalia died in 1852, he moved to London. There he founded the Free Russian Press in 1853 and with Ogarev published the almanac “The Polar Star” and, from 1857, the newspaper “The Bell” (Kolokol), which was read secretly in Russia. His support for the Polish uprising of 1863 cost him many readers. He moved to Geneva in 1865 and died in Paris on 21 January 1870.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Dilettantism in Science (Diletantizm v nauke, 1843)
- Letters on the Study of Nature (Pis’ma ob izuchenii prirody, 1845–46)
- Who Is to Blame? (Kto vinovat?, 1846)
- From the Other Shore (S togo berega, 1850)
- The Russian People and Socialism (Le peuple russe et le socialisme, 1851)
- My Past and Thoughts (Byloe i dumy, 1852–68)
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