إيمبيدوكليس
كل شيء مصنوع من أربعة عناصر – الأرض والماء والهواء والنار – تواصل قوتان، المحبة والنزاع، مزجها وفصلها.
التموضع
العناصر الأربعة، تحرّكها المحبة والغلبة، تفسّر الكون والفساد.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- نظرية العناصر الأربعة
- المحبة والغلبة
التأثير
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فيثاغورس
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Empedocles took up Pythagorean transmigration and the ban on killing animals (DK 31 B117, B137); the sage praised in B129 is often taken to be Pythagoras. Empedocles, DK 31 B117, B129, B137; Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras (quoting B129); SEP “Empedocles”
فيثاغورس › تقليديًا نحو 570–495 ق.م
برمانيدس
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Empedocles accepted Parmenides’ claim that nothing comes from nothing or perishes and explained change as the mixing and separating of four eternal roots (DK 31 B8, B11–12). Empedocles, DK 31 B8, B11–12, B17; SEP “Empedocles”
برمانيدس › نحو 515–450 ق.م
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غورغياس
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In Plato’s Meno Socrates defines colour ‘in the manner of Gorgias’ with Empedocles’ effluences and pores; ancient tradition makes Gorgias Empedocles’ pupil (Meno 76c–e; Diogenes Laertius VIII.58). Plato, Meno 76c–e; Diogenes Laertius VIII.58 (Satyrus); IEP “Gorgias”
غورغياس › نحو 483–376 ق.م
أرسطو
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Aristotle took over Empedocles’ four elements as the simple bodies of the sublunary world, crediting him as the first to posit four (Metaphysics I.4). Aristotle, Metaphysics I.4, 985a31–33; On Generation and Corruption II.1–6; SEP “Empedocles”
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
لوكريتيوس
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Lucretius praised Empedocles’ philosophical poem as the model for his own, while rejecting his four elements as first beginnings (De rerum natura I.705–829). Lucretius, De rerum natura I.705–829 (praise at 716–733); SEP “Lucretius”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
لوكريتيوس › نحو 99–55 ق.م
الموقف
Empedocles sought to reconcile Parmenides’ claim that nothing comes from nothing with the evident change in the world. His solution: there are four eternal “roots” – earth, water, air and fire – which never perish but mix and separate. Two cosmic forces move them: Love, which unites, and Strife, which divides, prevailing in turn in an endless cycle. What we call birth and death is merely mixture and separation. His doctrine of the four elements dominated Western natural philosophy and medicine until the early modern period, while his poem on purification joined it to a teaching of the soul’s transmigration.
الحياة والسياق
Empedocles came from Akragas (Agrigento) in Sicily and was active in the fifth century BCE as a statesman, physician, poet and self-styled miracle worker. Legend has it that he died by leaping into the crater of Etna. He wrote in hexameter verse; considerable fragments of his poems survive, some recovered only in the late 1990s from a papyrus.
الأعمال الرئيسة
- On Nature (c. 450 BCE)
- Purifications (c. 450 BCE)
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