زينوفان
آلهة الشعراء اختراعات بشرية؛ ثمة إله واحد لا يشبهنا، والمعرفة البشرية بأمور كهذه ليست إلا ظنًّا.
التموضع
شاعر وفيلسوف جوّال سخر من آلهة هوميروس وهسيودوس التي على صورة البشر، وعلّم بإله واحد لا يشبه الفانين.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- نقد الآلهة المشبَّهة بالبشر
- إله واحد لا يتحرك
- المعرفة الإنسانية ظنٌّ
التأثير
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أناكسيماندر
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Xenophanes’ view that earth was once mixed with sea, inferred from fossils, continues Milesian inquiry like Anaximander’s; whether he heard Anaximander is uncertain. Xenophanes, DK 21 A33 (Hippolytus, Refutatio I.14), B29, B33; Anaximander, DK 12 A27; SEP “Xenophanes”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أناكسيماندر › نحو 610–546 ق.م
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برمانيدس
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Aristotle reports that Parmenides was said to be Xenophanes’ pupil (Metaphysics I.5, 986b22); a debt to Xenophanes’ unmoving god and his doubts about opinion is disputed. Aristotle, Metaphysics I.5, 986b21–25; Xenophanes, DK 21 B26, B34; Diogenes Laertius IX.21; SEP “Xenophanes”
برمانيدس › نحو 515–450 ق.م
النقد
انتقده 1
هرقليطس
انتقده
Heraclitus named Xenophanes, with Hesiod, Pythagoras and Hecataeus, among those whose much learning had not taught them understanding (DK 22 B40). Heraclitus, DK 22 B40 (Diogenes Laertius 9.1)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
هرقليطس › نحو 535–475 ق.م
ينتقد 1
فيثاغورس
انتقد
Xenophanes mocked Pythagoras’ doctrine of transmigration: he stops a man beating a puppy because he recognises a friend’s soul in its yelping (DK 21 B7). Xenophanes, DK 21 B7 (Diogenes Laertius 8.36); SEP “Xenophanes”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
فيثاغورس › تقليديًا نحو 570–495 ق.م
الموقف
Xenophanes attacked the gods of Homer and Hesiod, who steal, commit adultery and deceive one another. Humans make gods in their own image: Ethiopians picture them snub-nosed and dark, Thracians blue-eyed and red-haired – and if oxen and horses had hands, they would draw gods like oxen and horses. Against this he set one god, unlike mortals in body or thought, who without moving sets all things in motion by the power of his mind. Yet no one, he held, knows the plain truth here; opinion is our lot, though by searching we find better in time. Later tradition saw him as a forerunner of the Eleatics.
الحياة والسياق
Xenophanes was born around 570 BCE in Colophon, an Ionian city in Asia Minor. Probably after the Persian conquest of Ionia he left home and, by his own account, spent sixty-seven years wandering the Greek world as a poet reciting his own verses, above all in Sicily and southern Italy. He lived into his nineties. Only fragments of his poems survive.
الأعمال الرئيسة
- Satires (Silloi, fragments, late 6th century BCE)
- Elegies (fragments, late 6th century BCE)
يرد في
- رحلة «من الميثوس إلى اللوغوس» · المحطة 3 من 8
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