卡尔·雅斯贝尔斯

Agora

卡尔·雅斯贝尔斯

1883–1969

初步了解有意简化——人物介绍讲得更多

在死亡、罪责和苦难等界限处境中，我们意识到自己，也意识到某种超越我们所能认识的一切之物。

定位

生命哲学与存在哲学 · 西欧 · 存在与自我, 宗教, 社会与历史

生存哲学：界限境况使人向超越者敞开；提出了轴心时代的概念。

核心思想

界限境况
轴心时代
生存的澄明

学生: 汉娜·阿伦特

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影响

受影响于 8

孔子

受其影响
Jaspers counted Confucius among the thinkers of his “Axial Age” (1949) and, with Socrates, Buddha and Jesus, among the four “paradigmatic individuals” of The Great Philosophers (1957). K. Jaspers, Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte (1949), ch. 1; Die großen Philosophen I (1957), “Die maßgebenden Menschen”
依据: AI 草稿
孔子 › 相传公元前551—前479年
乔达摩·悉达多（佛陀）

受其影响
Jaspers presented the Buddha, with Socrates, Confucius and Jesus, as one of the four “paradigmatic individuals” in The Great Philosophers (1957). K. Jaspers, Die großen Philosophen I (1957), “Die maßgebenden Menschen”
依据: AI 草稿
乔达摩·悉达多（佛陀） › 约公元前480—前400年年 · 通行断代公元前563—前483年
伊曼努尔·康德

受其影响 ✓
Jaspers appended a study of Kant’s doctrine of ideas to his Psychology of Worldviews (1919) and took Kant’s limits of knowledge as the frame of his Philosophy (1932). K. Jaspers, Psychologie der Weltanschauungen (1919), appendix “Kants Ideenlehre”; Philosophie (1932); SEP “Karl Jaspers”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
伊曼努尔·康德 › 1724–1804
索伦·克尔凯郭尔

受其影响 ✓
Jaspers took his concept of Existenz from Kierkegaard and, in Reason and Existenz (1935), presented Kierkegaard and Nietzsche as the thinkers who opened the modern question of existence. K. Jaspers, Vernunft und Existenz (1935); Philosophie (1932); SEP “Karl Jaspers”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
索伦·克尔凯郭尔 › 1813–1855
弗里德里希·尼采

受其影响
In Nietzsche: An Introduction to the Understanding of His Philosophical Activity (1936) Jaspers read Nietzsche as a thinker of Existenz whose contradictions must be thought through, not resolved. K. Jaspers, Nietzsche. Einführung in das Verständnis seines Philosophierens (1936); SEP “Karl Jaspers”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
弗里德里希·尼采 › 1844–1900
马克斯·韦伯

受其影响 ✓
Jaspers used Weber’s ideal types in Psychology of Worldviews (1919) and honoured him as the model of philosophical existence (address, 1920; Max Weber, 1932). K. Jaspers, Psychologie der Weltanschauungen (1919); Max Weber. Rede bei der Trauerfeier (1920); Max Weber. Deutsches Wesen im politischen Denken, im Forschen und Philosophieren (1932); SEP “Karl Jaspers”
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
马克斯·韦伯 › 1864–1920

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老子

受其影响
In The Great Philosophers (1957) Jaspers treated Laozi, with Heraclitus, Parmenides, Plotinus, Spinoza and Nagarjuna, among the metaphysicians whose thinking springs from the origin. K. Jaspers, Die großen Philosophen I (1957), “Aus dem Ursprung denkende Metaphysiker”
依据: AI 草稿
老子 › 传说人物
龙树

受其影响
Jaspers devoted a chapter of The Great Philosophers (1957) to Nagarjuna, alongside Laozi among the metaphysicians whose thinking springs from the origin. K. Jaspers, Die großen Philosophen I (1957), “Aus dem Ursprung denkende Metaphysiker”
依据: AI 草稿
龙树 › 约150–250年

影响了 3

汉娜·阿伦特教过

教过 ✓
Arendt took her doctorate under Jaspers in Heidelberg in 1928 with Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin (printed 1929); their correspondence continued until his death. H. Arendt & K. Jaspers, Briefwechsel 1926–1969 (1985); E. Young-Bruehl, Hannah Arendt: For Love of the World (1982)
依据: 亦见于 Wikidata · Wikidata · InPhO
汉娜·阿伦特 › 1906–1975
保罗·利科

影响了
In captivity Ricœur studied Jaspers’s philosophy of existence with Mikel Dufrenne (Karl Jaspers et la philosophie de l’existence, 1947) and contrasted his paradox with Marcel’s mystery (1948). M. Dufrenne and P. Ricœur, Karl Jaspers et la philosophie de l’existence (1947); P. Ricœur, Gabriel Marcel et Karl Jaspers. Philosophie du mystère et philosophie du paradoxe (1948); SEP “Paul Ricoeur”
依据: 亦见于 InPhO · InPhO
保罗·利科 › 1913–2005
弗朗茨·法农

影响了
Fanon cited Jaspers’ idea of a metaphysical guilt from The Question of German Guilt (1946) – a solidarity that makes everyone co-responsible for every wrong in the world – to hold Europe answerable for colonial racism; the passage in Black Skin, White Masks (1952) has not been checked here. F. Fanon, Peau noire, masques blancs (1952); K. Jaspers, Die Schuldfrage (1946; French La culpabilité allemande, 1948)
依据: AI 草稿
弗朗茨·法农 › 1925–1961

批评

受批评于 1

阿尔贝·加缪

受其批评
Camus counted Jaspers among the ‘philosophical suicides’: having recognised the failure of reason, Jaspers leaps to transcendence instead of holding to the absurd (The Myth of Sisyphus, 1942). A. Camus, Le Mythe de Sisyphe (1942), “Le suicide philosophique”
依据: AI 草稿
阿尔贝·加缪 › 1913–1960

作品

1919世界观的心理学
界限处境——存在哲学的奠基文献。
1932哲学
世界定向、存在阐明、形而上学。
1949历史的起源与目标
轴心时代：孔子、佛陀、先知、哲学家。

立场

Jaspers is a founder of German existential philosophy. Scientific knowledge orients us in the world, but it cannot tell us who we are. Our authentic self, Existenz, comes to light in “limit situations” – death, suffering, struggle, guilt – which we cannot escape and in which the familiar fails. There we can become aware of transcendence, which is never an object but can be read in “ciphers”. Philosophy is therefore not a doctrine but an illumination of existence and an appeal to freedom and communication. In his work on history he coined the idea of an Axial Age, when around 500 BCE the great spiritual traditions emerged in China, India, Persia, Israel and Greece.

生平与背景

Jaspers began as a psychiatrist in Heidelberg, where his General Psychopathology became a standard work, then turned to philosophy and became a professor there. Married to Gertrud Mayer, who was Jewish, he was dismissed by the Nazis in 1937. After the war he addressed German guilt and in 1948 moved to Basel. He corresponded for decades with Hannah Arendt and Heidegger.