金伯莉·克伦肖

作品

• 1989去边缘化种族与性别的交叉点

  对反歧视法的黑人女性主义批判：只检验种族或只检验性别的法院看不到黑人女性——这篇文章创造了“交叉性”一词。

• 1991绘制边缘

  针对有色人种女性的暴力：结构性、政治性与表征性的交叉性。

立场

In “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex” (1989) Crenshaw analysed cases such as DeGraffenreid v. General Motors (1976). General Motors had hired no Black women before 1964, and when seniority-based lay-offs came they were the first to go. The court rejected their claim: the company employed Black people (men, in the factory) and women (white women, in the office), so there was neither race nor sex discrimination, and Black women could not be a special class. Crenshaw compared their position to standing at an intersection where traffic comes from several directions. Law that treats discrimination along a single axis protects the most privileged members of each group – white women, Black men – and leaves those at the intersection unseen. The same single-axis thinking, she argued, also marked feminist theory and antiracist politics. In “Mapping the Margins” (1991) she distinguished structural, political and representational intersectionality, using the example of violence against women of colour, from shelters that turn away women who do not speak English to immigration rules that keep women with abusive husbands. Crenshaw has acknowledged forerunners such as Anna Julia Cooper, the Combahee River Collective and bell hooks. The term has spread far beyond law. Crenshaw herself has objected to readings that treat it as a general theory of identity or a ranking of victims, while critics range from scholars who question its precision to politicians in the United States who have tried to remove it, with critical race theory, from schools and universities.

生平与背景

Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw was born in 1959 in Canton, Ohio. She studied government and Africana studies at Cornell University (1981) and law at Harvard Law School (1984), where she was among the students who organised an alternative course on race and law after the departure of Derrick Bell, an early step towards critical race theory. After a master of laws at the University of Wisconsin (1985) and a clerkship with Justice Shirley Abrahamson of the Wisconsin Supreme Court, she joined the law faculty at UCLA in 1986 and in 1995 also became professor at Columbia Law School. In 1991 she assisted Anita Hill’s legal team during the Senate hearings on Clarence Thomas. In 1996 she co-founded the African American Policy Forum, and in 2011 founded the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies at Columbia. Since 2014 she has led the #SayHerName campaign on police violence against Black women.

其他主要作品

• Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex (1989)
• Mapping the Margins (1991)
• Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement (co-ed., 1995)
• Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women (with Andrea J. Ritchie, 2015)

出现在

• 争论 ‘承认还是再分配？身份政治’