كيمبريلي وليامز كرينشو
قد تواجه النساء السود تمييزًا بوصفهن نساءً سودًا لا يلحظه القانون حين ينظر إلى العِرق والجنس كلًّا على حدة – وهذا ما تسميه «التقاطعية».
التموضع
باحثة قانونية أمريكية صاغت «التقاطعية» عام 1989: قانون مناهضة التمييز الذي يعامل العرق والجنس فئتين منفصلتين لا يرى النساء السود، اللواتي يقع تمييزهن حيث يتقاطع الأمران.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- التقاطعية
- نقد قانون مناهضة التمييز أحادي المحور
- نظرية العرق النقدية
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 2
آنا جاي كوبر
تأثّر بـ
Crenshaw quoted Cooper’s ‘when and where I enter’ (A Voice from the South, 1892) against leaders who spoke for the race but not for Black women (1989). A. J. Cooper, A Voice from the South (1892); K. Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex”, University of Chicago Legal Forum (1989); V. M. May, Anna Julia Cooper, Visionary Black Feminist (2007)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
آنا جاي كوبر › 1858–1964
بيل هوكس
تأثّر بـ
Crenshaw drew on bell hooks’ analysis of how Black women are erased in both feminist and antiracist discourse (Ain’t I a Woman, 1981) in framing intersectionality (1989). K. Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex”, University of Chicago Legal Forum (1989); b. hooks, Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (1981)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
بيل هوكس › 1952–2021
أثّر في 2
ماريا لوجونيس
أثّر في
In “Heterosexualism and the Colonial/Modern Gender System” (2007) Lugones took up Crenshaw’s intersectionality – it shows what stays invisible when gender and race are conceived as separate categories, namely women of colour – and traced that separation to the colonial imposition of gender. M. Lugones, “Heterosexualism and the Colonial/Modern Gender System”, Hypatia 22:1 (2007), 186–209
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
ماريا لوجونيس › 1944–2020
باتريشيا هيل كولينز
أثّر في
Collins took up Crenshaw’s concept of intersectionality (1989, 1991) and related it to her ‘matrix of domination’ (Black Feminist Thought, 2nd ed., 2000; Intersectionality, with Sirma Bilge, 2016). P. H. Collins, Black Feminist Thought, 2nd ed. (2000); P. H. Collins and S. Bilge, Intersectionality (2016); K. Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex” (1989); “Mapping the Margins” (1991)
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
باتريشيا هيل كولينز › وُلد 1948
الأعمال
نقد نسوي أسود لقانون مكافحة التمييز: المحاكم التي تختبر العِرق أو الجنس لا ترى النساء السود – المقال الذي سكّ مصطلح «التقاطعية».
العنف ضد النساء الملوَّنات: التقاطعية البنيوية والسياسية والتمثيلية.
الموقف
In “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex” (1989) Crenshaw analysed cases such as DeGraffenreid v. General Motors (1976). General Motors had hired no Black women before 1964, and when seniority-based lay-offs came they were the first to go. The court rejected their claim: the company employed Black people (men, in the factory) and women (white women, in the office), so there was neither race nor sex discrimination, and Black women could not be a special class. Crenshaw compared their position to standing at an intersection where traffic comes from several directions. Law that treats discrimination along a single axis protects the most privileged members of each group – white women, Black men – and leaves those at the intersection unseen. The same single-axis thinking, she argued, also marked feminist theory and antiracist politics. In “Mapping the Margins” (1991) she distinguished structural, political and representational intersectionality, using the example of violence against women of colour, from shelters that turn away women who do not speak English to immigration rules that keep women with abusive husbands. Crenshaw has acknowledged forerunners such as Anna Julia Cooper, the Combahee River Collective and bell hooks. The term has spread far beyond law. Crenshaw herself has objected to readings that treat it as a general theory of identity or a ranking of victims, while critics range from scholars who question its precision to politicians in the United States who have tried to remove it, with critical race theory, from schools and universities.
الحياة والسياق
Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw was born in 1959 in Canton, Ohio. She studied government and Africana studies at Cornell University (1981) and law at Harvard Law School (1984), where she was among the students who organised an alternative course on race and law after the departure of Derrick Bell, an early step towards critical race theory. After a master of laws at the University of Wisconsin (1985) and a clerkship with Justice Shirley Abrahamson of the Wisconsin Supreme Court, she joined the law faculty at UCLA in 1986 and in 1995 also became professor at Columbia Law School. In 1991 she assisted Anita Hill’s legal team during the Senate hearings on Clarence Thomas. In 1996 she co-founded the African American Policy Forum, and in 2011 founded the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies at Columbia. Since 2014 she has led the #SayHerName campaign on police violence against Black women.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement (co-ed., 1995)
- Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women (with Andrea J. Ritchie, 2015)
يرد في
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