किम्बर्ले क्रेनशॉ
अश्वेत स्त्रियों को अश्वेत स्त्रियों के रूप में ऐसे भेदभाव का सामना करना पड़ सकता है जिसे क़ानून चूक जाता है जब वह नस्ल और लिंग को एक-एक करके देखता है – यही “प्रतिच्छेदनात्मकता” नाम देती है।
पृष्ठभूमि
अमेरिकी विधि-विद्वान जिन्होंने 1989 में “प्रतिच्छेदनात्मकता” (intersectionality) गढ़ा: भेदभाव-विरोधी क़ानून जो नस्ल और लिंग को अलग श्रेणियाँ मानता है, अश्वेत स्त्रियों को देख नहीं सकता, जिनके साथ भेदभाव वहाँ होता है जहाँ दोनों एक-दूसरे को काटते हैं।
मुख्य विचार
- प्रतिच्छेदनात्मकता
- एकल-अक्ष भेदभाव-विरोधी क़ानून की आलोचना
- आलोचनात्मक नस्ल-सिद्धांत
प्रभाव
जिनसे प्रभावित 2
ऐना जूलिया कूपर
जिनसे प्रभावित
Crenshaw quoted Cooper’s ‘when and where I enter’ (A Voice from the South, 1892) against leaders who spoke for the race but not for Black women (1989). A. J. Cooper, A Voice from the South (1892); K. Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex”, University of Chicago Legal Forum (1989); V. M. May, Anna Julia Cooper, Visionary Black Feminist (2007)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
ऐना जूलिया कूपर › 1858–1964
बेल हुक्स
जिनसे प्रभावित
Crenshaw drew on bell hooks’ analysis of how Black women are erased in both feminist and antiracist discourse (Ain’t I a Woman, 1981) in framing intersectionality (1989). K. Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex”, University of Chicago Legal Forum (1989); b. hooks, Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (1981)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
बेल हुक्स › 1952–2021
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया 2
मारिया लुगोनेस
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
In “Heterosexualism and the Colonial/Modern Gender System” (2007) Lugones took up Crenshaw’s intersectionality – it shows what stays invisible when gender and race are conceived as separate categories, namely women of colour – and traced that separation to the colonial imposition of gender. M. Lugones, “Heterosexualism and the Colonial/Modern Gender System”, Hypatia 22:1 (2007), 186–209
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
मारिया लुगोनेस › 1944–2020
पैट्रिशिया हिल कॉलिन्स
जिन्हें प्रभावित किया
Collins took up Crenshaw’s concept of intersectionality (1989, 1991) and related it to her ‘matrix of domination’ (Black Feminist Thought, 2nd ed., 2000; Intersectionality, with Sirma Bilge, 2016). P. H. Collins, Black Feminist Thought, 2nd ed. (2000); P. H. Collins and S. Bilge, Intersectionality (2016); K. Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex” (1989); “Mapping the Margins” (1991)
साक्ष्य: AI मसौदा
पैट्रिशिया हिल कॉलिन्स › जन्म 1948
कृतियाँ
भेदभाव-विरोधी क़ानून की अश्वेत नारीवादी आलोचना: जो अदालतें नस्ल या लिंग में से किसी एक की जाँच करती हैं, वे अश्वेत स्त्रियों को नहीं देखतीं – वह निबंध जिसने “प्रतिच्छेदनात्मकता” गढ़ा।
“रंगीन” (women of colour) स्त्रियों के विरुद्ध हिंसा: संरचनात्मक, राजनीतिक और निरूपणात्मक प्रतिच्छेदनात्मकता।
मत
In “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex” (1989) Crenshaw analysed cases such as DeGraffenreid v. General Motors (1976). General Motors had hired no Black women before 1964, and when seniority-based lay-offs came they were the first to go. The court rejected their claim: the company employed Black people (men, in the factory) and women (white women, in the office), so there was neither race nor sex discrimination, and Black women could not be a special class. Crenshaw compared their position to standing at an intersection where traffic comes from several directions. Law that treats discrimination along a single axis protects the most privileged members of each group – white women, Black men – and leaves those at the intersection unseen. The same single-axis thinking, she argued, also marked feminist theory and antiracist politics. In “Mapping the Margins” (1991) she distinguished structural, political and representational intersectionality, using the example of violence against women of colour, from shelters that turn away women who do not speak English to immigration rules that keep women with abusive husbands. Crenshaw has acknowledged forerunners such as Anna Julia Cooper, the Combahee River Collective and bell hooks. The term has spread far beyond law. Crenshaw herself has objected to readings that treat it as a general theory of identity or a ranking of victims, while critics range from scholars who question its precision to politicians in the United States who have tried to remove it, with critical race theory, from schools and universities.
जीवन और संदर्भ
Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw was born in 1959 in Canton, Ohio. She studied government and Africana studies at Cornell University (1981) and law at Harvard Law School (1984), where she was among the students who organised an alternative course on race and law after the departure of Derrick Bell, an early step towards critical race theory. After a master of laws at the University of Wisconsin (1985) and a clerkship with Justice Shirley Abrahamson of the Wisconsin Supreme Court, she joined the law faculty at UCLA in 1986 and in 1995 also became professor at Columbia Law School. In 1991 she assisted Anita Hill’s legal team during the Senate hearings on Clarence Thomas. In 1996 she co-founded the African American Policy Forum, and in 2011 founded the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies at Columbia. Since 2014 she has led the #SayHerName campaign on police violence against Black women.
अन्य प्रमुख कृतियाँ
- Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex (1989)
- Mapping the Margins (1991)
- Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement (co-ed., 1995)
- Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women (with Andrea J. Ritchie, 2015)
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