فرانز برنتانو
ما يميّز العقل أن كل فعل ذهني موجَّه نحو شيء – فأنت تفكر في شيء أو تريده أو تخافه دائمًا.
التموضع
القصدية: كل فعل ذهني موجَّه نحو موضوع – وبذلك يتميز الذهني عن الفيزيائي.
الأفكار الرئيسة
- القصدية
- علم النفس الوصفي
الأساتذة: فريدريش أدولف ترندلنبورغ
التلاميذ: توماس ماساريك, ألكسيوس ماينونج, سيغموند فرويد, إدموند هوسرل, كريستيان فون إهرنفلس, كازيميرز تواردوفسكي
التأثير
تأثّر بـ 4
أرسطو
تأثّر بـ
Brentano began with Aristotle: his dissertation on the manifold senses of being (1862) and Die Psychologie des Aristoteles (1867) prepared his descriptive psychology of intentional acts. F. Brentano, Von der mannigfachen Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristoteles (1862); Die Psychologie des Aristoteles (1867); SEP “Franz Brentano”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أرسطو › 384–322 ق.م
توما الأكويني
تأثّر بـ
Brentano introduced intentional inexistence in Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874) with reference to the Scholastics, citing Aquinas’s view that the thing thought is intentionally in the thinker. F. Brentano, Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt (1874); SEP “Franz Brentano”; SEP “Thomas Aquinas”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
توما الأكويني › نحو 1225–1274
أوغست كونت
تأثّر بـ
Brentano shared Comte’s demand that philosophy use the method of natural science (‘Auguste Comte und die positive Philosophie’, 1869), but defended inner perception against him (1874). F. Brentano, “Auguste Comte und die positive Philosophie” (1869), in Die vier Phasen der Philosophie (1926); Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt (1874); SEP “Franz Brentano”
التوثيق: مسودة بالذكاء الاصطناعي
أوغست كونت › 1798–1857
فريدريش أدولف ترندلنبورغ تتلمذ على
تتلمذ على ✓
Brentano studied Aristotle with Trendelenburg in Berlin. SEP “Franz Brentano” (W. Huemer), §1
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
فريدريش أدولف ترندلنبورغ › 1802–1872
أثّر في 7
توماس ماساريك علّم
علّم ✓
Masaryk studied at the University of Vienna from 1872 to 1876, at first with Robert Zimmermann and Theodor Gomperz and from his fourth semester also with Brentano; he took his doctorate in 1876 with Das Wesen der Seele bei Plato and habilitated in 1879 with his study of suicide (printed 1881). R. Wellek, “Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue (1850–1937)”, in P. Edwards (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1967); Office of the President of the Czech Republic, “T. G. Masaryk – Life and Works in Dates” (hrad.cz)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
توماس ماساريك › 1850–1937
ألكسيوس ماينونج علّم
علّم ✓
Meinong turned from history to philosophy under Brentano in Vienna (1875–78), who directed him to Hume; he habilitated there in 1878 with a study of Hume’s nominalism (Hume-Studien I, 1877). SEP “Alexius Meinong”; A. Meinong, “Selbstdarstellung” (1921)
ألكسيوس ماينونج › 1853–1920
سيغموند فرويد علّم
علّم ✓
As a medical student Freud attended five of Brentano’s lecture courses and seminars in Vienna (1874–76), the only philosophy he studied; his letters to Eduard Silberstein report personal visits to Brentano. S. Freud, Jugendbriefe an Eduard Silberstein 1871–1881, ed. W. Boehlich (1989); P. Merlan, “Brentano and Freud”, Journal of the History of Ideas 6 (1945)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
سيغموند فرويد › 1856–1939
كريستيان فون إهرنفلس علّم
علّم ✓
Ehrenfels attended Brentano’s lectures in Vienna and studied with Meinong, whom he followed to Graz for his doctorate (1885); he habilitated in Vienna in 1888. B. Smith, Austrian Philosophy: The Legacy of Franz Brentano (1994)
كريستيان فون إهرنفلس › 1859–1932
إدموند هوسرل علّم
علّم ✓
After his doctorate in mathematics, Husserl attended Brentano’s lectures in Vienna from 1884 to 1886, which decided him for philosophy; Brentano recommended him to his pupil Carl Stumpf in Halle, where Husserl habilitated (1887). SEP “Edmund Husserl”; E. Husserl, “Erinnerungen an Franz Brentano”, in O. Kraus, Franz Brentano (1919)
التوثيق: مسجّل أيضًا في Wikidata · Wikidata
إدموند هوسرل › 1859–1938
كازيميرز تواردوفسكي علّم
علّم ✓
Twardowski enrolled at the University of Vienna in 1885 and from the following year studied with Brentano; since Brentano had resigned his chair, his official doctoral supervisor (1891, on Descartes) was Robert Zimmermann. SEP “Kazimierz Twardowski”
كازيميرز تواردوفسكي › 1866–1938
مارتن هايدغر
أثّر في ✓
Heidegger said Brentano’s dissertation on the senses of being in Aristotle (1862), read from 1907, set him the question of being (‘Mein Weg in die Phänomenologie’, 1963). M. Heidegger, “Mein Weg in die Phänomenologie” (1963), in Zur Sache des Denkens (1969); F. Brentano, Von der mannigfachen Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristoteles (1862); SEP “Martin Heidegger”
مارتن هايدغر › 1889–1976
الأعمال
القصدية علامةً على الذهني.
الموقف
Brentano wanted to make psychology a rigorous science based on careful description of experience. His decisive insight was that every mental act is directed at something: in perceiving something is perceived, in loving something is loved, in judging something is affirmed or denied. This “intentional inexistence” of an object, he argued, is the mark that distinguishes the mental from the physical. He also developed a theory of judgment and an ethics grounded in correct love and hatred. Through his students the concept of intentionality became the starting point of phenomenology, and it remains central in today’s philosophy of mind.
الحياة والسياق
Brentano, a nephew of the poet Clemens Brentano, was ordained a Catholic priest but left the priesthood in protest against the dogma of papal infallibility. He taught in Würzburg and from 1874 in Vienna, where his students included Husserl, Meinong and Twardowski, and Freud attended his lectures. Having lost his chair after marrying, he spent his last decades in Florence and Zurich.
أعمال رئيسة أخرى
- On the Several Senses of Being in Aristotle (1862)
- Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874)
- The Origin of Our Knowledge of Right and Wrong (1889)
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